Physical Graffiti
is the sixth album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It is a double album which was released on 24 February 1975. Recording sessions for the album were initially disrupted when John Paul Jones considered leaving the band. After reuniting at Headley Grange, the band wrote and recorded eight songs, the combined length of which stretched the album beyond the typical length of an LP. This prompted the band to make Physical Graffiti
a double album by including previously unreleased tracks from earlier recording sessions.
Physical Graffiti
was commercially and critically successful; the album is 16 times platinum (though this only signifies sales of 8 million copies, as it is a double album) in the United States alone, and has come to be regarded as one of Led Zeppelin's defining works. In 2003, the album was ranked number 70 on Rolling Stone
magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
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PHYSICAL GRAFITTI TICKETS
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Recording history
The recording sessions for
Physical Graffiti
initially took place in November 1973 at
Headley Grange in
East Hampshire, England. For these recordings, the band utilised
Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio. However, these sessions came to a halt quickly and the studio time was turned over to the band
Bad Company, who used it to record songs for their forthcoming album,
Straight Shooter
.
[1] In an interview he gave in 1975, guitarist and album producer
Jimmy Page explained the reason for this abrupt cessation of recording:
It took a long time for this album mainly because when we originally went in to record it, John Paul Jones wasn't well and we had to cancel the time . . . everything got messed up. It took three months to sort the situation out. [2]
However, according to Led Zeppelin archivist Dave Lewis,
it later emerged that Jones had wanted to quit the band and take up a position as choirmaster at Winchester Cathedral. [Manager] Peter Grant urged caution, suggesting that Jones was overwrought from the incessant touring and should take a rest from Zeppelin for a few weeks. Jones changed his mind and sessions resumed at Headley Grange after the Christmas holidays.
Once they had reconvened, the band recorded eight tracks at Headley Grange in January and February 1974, which were engineered by
Ron Nevison. Vocalist
Robert Plant later referred to these eight tracks as "the belters":
We got eight tracks off ... and a lot of them were really raunchy. We did some real belters with live vocals, off-the-wall stuff that turned out really nice.
Similar to the sessions for the previous two albums, the decision to record at the informal surroundings of Headley Grange provided a welcome opportunity for the band to improvise and develop material along the way.
As Plant commented:
Some of the tracks we assembled in our own fashioned way of running through a track and realising before we knew it that we had stumbled on something completely different.
Because the eight tracks extended beyond the length of a conventional album, it was decided at some point to include several unreleased songs which had been recorded during the sessions for previous Led Zeppelin albums. The instrumental "
Bron-Yr-Aur" was recorded in July 1970 at
Island Studios, London, for
Led Zeppelin III
. It was named after
Bron-Yr-Aur, a cottage in
Gwynedd, Wales where the members of Led Zeppelin spent time during the recording of
Led Zeppelin III
. "
Night Flight" and "
Boogie with Stu" were recorded at Headley Grange and "
Down by the Seaside" at Island Studios, all for
Led Zeppelin IV
. "
The Rover" and "
Black Country Woman" were recorded at the same sessions as "
D'yer Mak'er" at
Stargroves using the
Rolling Stones Mobile Studio in May 1972. "
Houses of the Holy" was also recorded in May 1972, but at
Olympic Studios. The group's fifth album,
Houses of the Holy
, took its title from this song despite the decision not to include the song on that album. Page explained:
We had more material than the required 40-odd minutes for one album. We had enough material for one and a half LPs, so we figured let's put out a double and use some of the material we had done previously but never released. It seemed like a good time to do that sort of thing, release tracks like "Boogie With Stu" which we normally wouldn't be able to do ... [T]his time we figured it was better to stretch out than to leave off. [3]
According to engineer Nevison, the decision to expand the album to include songs from previous sessions was not part of the original planning:
I never knew that Physical Graffiti
was going to be a double album. When we started out we were just cutting tracks for a new record. I left the project before they started pulling in songs from Houses of the Holy
and getting them up to scratch. So I didn't know it was a double [album] until it came out. [4]
Additional overdubs were added and the final mixing of the album was performed in October 1974 by
Keith Harwood at
Olympic Studios, London. The title "Physical Graffiti" was coined by Page to illustrate the whole physical and written energy that had gone into producing the set.
Music
In the opinion of Lewis,
Physical Graffiti
was a massive outpouring of [Led] Zeppelin music that proved to be the definitive summary of their studio work ... Given the luxury of a double format, Physical Graffiti
mirrors every facet of the Zeppelin repertoire. The end result is a finely balanced embarrassment of riches.
Spanning several years of recording, the album featured forays into a range of musical styles, including hard rock ("
The Rover", "
The Wanton Song", "
Sick Again". "
Houses of the Holy"), eastern-influenced orchestral rock ("
Kashmir"), driving funk ("
Trampled Under Foot"), acoustic rock and roll ("
Boogie With Stu", "
Black Country Woman"), love ballad ("
Ten Years Gone"), blues rock ("
In My Time of Dying") and acoustic guitar instrumental ("
Bron-Yr-Aur").
[5] [6] The wide range of
Physical Graffiti
is also underlined by the fact that it contains both the longest and shortest studio recordings by Led Zeppelin. "In My Time of Dying" clocks in at 11 minutes 5 seconds and "Bron-Yr-Aur" is 2 minutes 6 seconds. It is also the only Led Zeppelin album to feature bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones playing additional guitar on some tracks.
Several tracks off the album became live staples at
Led Zeppelin concerts. In particular, the songs "
In My Time of Dying", "
Trampled Under Foot", "
Kashmir", "
Ten Years Gone" and "
Sick Again" became regular components of the band's live concert
set lists following the release of the album.
According to vocalist Robert Plant, of all the albums Led Zeppelin released,
Physical Graffiti
represented the band at its most creative and most expressive.
[7] He has commented that it is his favourite Led Zeppelin album. Similarly, guitarist Jimmy Page considers this album to be a "high watermark" for Led Zeppelin.
[8]
Album sleeve design
The album's sleeve design features a photograph of a New York City tenement block, with interchanging window illustrations. The album designer,
Peter Corriston, was looking for a building that was symmetrical with interesting details, that was not obstructed by other objects and would fit the square album cover. He said:
We walked around the city for a few weeks looking for the right building. I had come up a concept for the band based on the tenement, people living there and moving in and out. The original album featured the building with the windows cut out on the cover and various sleeves that could be placed under the cover, filling the windows with the album title, track information or liner notes. [9]
thumb
The two five-story buildings photographed for the album cover are located at 96 and 98
St. Mark's Place in New York City.
[10] [11] But to enable it to fit, the fourth floor (of five) had to be cropped out. So for the album cover it became a four-story building instead.
The front cover is a daytime image, while the back cover is the same image but at nighttime.
Mike Doud is listed as the Cover Artist on the inner sleeve, and either the concept or design or both were his. He passed away in the early 1990s, and this album design was one of his crowning achievements in a lifetime of design - he was later to win a Grammy for best album cover of the year 1978.
The buildings on the album cover were the same
Keith Richards and
Mick Jagger were filmed in front of in the
Rolling Stones music video "
Waiting on a Friend".
[12] There is currently a used clothing store in the basement of 96 St. Mark's Place called
Physical Graffiti
. The building has been profiled on the television show,
Rock Junket
.
[13]
The original album jacket for the
LP album included four covers made up of two inners (for each disc), a middle insert cover and an outer cover. The inner covers depict various objects and people (including photos of Robert Plant and Richard Cole in
drag)
on each window. The middle insert cover is white and details all the album track listings and recording information. The outer cover has die-cut windows on the building, so when the middle cover is wrapped around the inner covers and slid into the outer cover, the title of the album is shown on the front cover, spelling out the name "Physical Graffiti".
In 1976 the album was nominated for a
Grammy Award in the category of
best album package.
Philadelphia comedy-punk band the
Dead Milkmen spoofed the album cover and title on their 1990 album
Metaphysical Graffiti
Release and critical reception
thumb
The album was released on 24 February 1975, at a time when Led Zeppelin was undertaking its
tenth concert tour of North America. Delays in the production of the album's sleeve design prevented its release prior to the commencement of the tour.
[14]
Physical Graffiti
was the band's first release on their own
Swan Song Records label, which had been launched in May 1974. Until this point, all of Led Zeppelin's albums had been released on
Atlantic Records. The album was a commercial and critical success, having built up a huge advance order, and when eventually released it reached #1 on
Billboard's
Pop Albums chart. It has since proven to be one of the most popular releases by the group, selling 8 million copies in the United States alone (which has made it 16 times platinum as it is a double album).
Physical Graffiti
was the first album to go platinum on advance orders alone.
[15] Shortly after its release, all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart.
[16]
Billboard
magazine's 5 star review of the album stated: "[Physical Graffiti] is a tour de force through a number of musical styles, from straight rock to blues to folky acoustic to orchestral sounds."
[17] In 1998
Q
magazine readers voted
Physical Graffiti
the 28th greatest album of all time; in 2000
Q
placed it at number 32 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever; and in 2001 the same magazine named it as one of the 50 Heaviest Albums Of All Time. In 2003 the
TV network VH1 named it the 71st greatest album ever. In 2003, the album was ranked number 70 on
Rolling Stone
magazine's list of
the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album is also listed in Robert Dimery and Stevie Chick's
1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
(2005).
Accolades
Publication
| Country
| Accolade
| Year
| Rank
|
Grammy Award
| United States
| "Grammy Award for Best Recording Package" [18]
| 1976
| Nominee
|
Mojo
| United Kingdom
| "The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made" [19]
| 1996
| 47
|
Classic Rock
| United Kingdom
| "100 Greatest Rock Album Ever" [20]
| 2001
| 5
|
Q
| United Kingdom
| "100 Greatest Albums Ever" [21]
| 2003
| 41
|
Record Collector
| United Kingdom
| "Classic Albums from 21 Genres for the 21st Century" [22]
| 2005
|
|
Robert Dimery
| United States
| 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
[23]
| 2005
|
|
Q
| United Kingdom
| "100 Best Albums Ever" [24]
| 2006
| 57
|
Classic Rock
| United Kingdom
| "100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever" [25]
| 2006
| 7
|
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
| United States
| "The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time" [26]
| 2007
| 93
|
(*) designates unordered lists.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, except where noted.
- Some cassette versions of the album place "Bron-Yr-Aur" immediately after "Kashmir", presumably to make each side of the cassette last approximately the same amount of time.
- The running times listed for "Kashmir" and "Ten Years Gone" on original LP pressings of the album were significantly in error; "Kashmir" was listed at 9:41, "Ten Years Gone" at 6:55.
- "Boogie with Stu" is credited to "Mrs. Valens, mother of Ritchie Valens". The credit came about after the band had heard Valens' mother never received any royalties from any of her son's hits. [27]
Sales chart performance
;Album
Chart (1975)
| Peak Position
|
Japanese Albums Chart [28]
| 13
|
UK Albums Chart [29]
| 1
|
US Billboard
The 200 Albums Chart [30]
| 1
|
US Cash Box
Top 100 Albums Chart [31]
| 1
|
US Record World
Top Pop Albums Chart [32]
| 1
|
Canadian RPM
Top 100 Chart [33]
| 1
|
Norwegian Albums Chart [34]
| 4
|
Austrian Albums Chart [35]
| 2
|
Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart
| 2
|
New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart [36]
| 3
|
German Albums Chart [37]
| 17
|
Spanish Albums Chart [38]
| 2
|
French Albums Chart [39]
| 2
|
;Singles
Year
| Single
| Chart
| Position
|
1975
| "Trampled Under Foot"
| Billboard
Pop Singles (Billboard
Hot 100)
| 38
|
Sales certifications
Country
| Sales
| Certification
|
France (SNEP)
| 75,000+
| Gold [40]
|
Germany (IFPI)
| 100,000+
| Gold [41]
|
Argentina (CAPIF)
| 30,000+
| Gold [42]
|
United Kingdom (BPI)
| 1,200,000+
| 4x Platinum [43]
|
United States (RIAA)
| 8,000,000+
| 16x Platinum [44]
|
Personnel
;Led Zeppelin
- John Bonham – drums, percussion
- John Paul Jones – bass guitar, organ, piano, electric piano, Mellotron, guitar, mandolin, VCS3 synthesizer
- Jimmy Page – acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin, production
- Robert Plant – harmonica, vocals, acoustic guitar on "Boogie with Stu"
;Additional personnel
- George Chkiantz – engineering
- Peter Corriston – artwork, design, cover design
- Barry Diament – mastering (original Compact Disc release)
- Mike Doud – artwork, design, cover design
- Elliot Erwitt – photography
- B. P. Fallon – photography
- Peter Grant – producer, executive producer
- Roy Harper – photography
- Keith Harwood – engineering, mixing
- Dave Heffernan – illustrations
- Andy Johns – engineering
- Eddie Kramer – engineering, mixing
- George Marino – remastered Compact Disc release
- Ron Nevison – engineering
- Ian Stewart – piano on "Boogie with Stu"
References
- Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
- Cameron Crowe interview Led Zeppelin
- Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, ''Trouser Press'', October 1977.
- "Their Time is Gonna Come", ''Classic Rock Magazine'', December 2007
- Review at Allmusic
- Rolling Stone Review, Mar, 27 1975
- Allan Jones, "Robert Plant: ‘We did what we set out to do...’", ''Uncut Magazine'', May 2008, pp. 38-43.
- Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", ''Uncut'', May 2005, p. 72.
- F.Y.I.
- NYC Album Art: Physical Graffiti
- Google Maps: From LudLow St. New York NY to Rivington St
- Rolling Stones: Waiting On A Friend (Video 1981)
- See The Physical Graffiti Building
- Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, p. 73.
- Record Collector: ''Physical Graffiti'' - an album under review
- Breaking Records: 100 Years of Hits
- Review: Physical Graffiti
- Grammy Award for Best Album Package (AGI) - 28 February 1976
- The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made - January 1996
- Classic Rock - 100 Greatest Rock Album Ever - December 2001
- 100 Greatest Albums Ever - January 2003
- Classic Albums from 21 Genres for the 21st Century: Seventies: From Singer-Songwriter Angst to Glam and the Disco Age - January 2005
- Dimery, Robert - ''1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die''; page 856
- Best Albums Ever - February 2006
- Classic Rock - 100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever - April 2006
- The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time
- Led Zeppelin: The 'Tight but Loose' Files: Celebration II
- Top 100 Albums - 20 February 1975
- Top 100 Albums - 15 March 1975
- The Billboard 200 - 22 March 1975
- Top 100 Albums - 22 March 1975
- Top Pop Albums - 22 March 1975
- RPM Albums Chart - 12 April 1975
- Top 20 Albums - 13 April 1975
- Top 75 Albums - 15 April 1975
- The Complete New Zealand Music Charts
- Top 100 Albums - April 1975
- Top 100 Albums - 9 August 1975
- Top 100 Albums - 1975
- Disque en France: Led Zeppelin - 1977
- Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Physical Graffiti - 1989
- CAPIF: Led Zeppelin - 1993
- BPI Physical Graffiti certification - 7 October 2005
- RIAA.org Physical Graffiti - 30 January 2006