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Avalon
(probably from the Celtic word abal
: apple; see Etymology below) is a legendary island featured in the Arthurian legend, famous for its beautiful apples. It first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 1136 pseudohistorical account Historia Regum Britanniae
("The History of the Kings of Britain") as the place where King Arthur is taken to recover from his wounds after his last battle at Camlann, and where his sword Caliburn (Excalibur) was forged. The concept of such an "Isle of the Blessed" has parallels in other Indo-European mythology, in particular the Irish Tír na nÓg and the Greek Hesperides, the latter also noted for its apples.
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Etymology
Geoffrey of Monmouth interpreted the name as the "isle of apples". This is probable, as "apple" is still
aval
in
Breton and
Cornish, and
afal
in
Welsh, in which the letter
f
is pronounced .
Another possibility — the
Abalus
mentioned by
Pytheas — the island of amber — which could have non-Celtic origins. (see more about the
Abalus
possibility below)
In Arthurian legend
According to Geoffrey and much subsequent literature, Avalon is the place where King Arthur was taken after fighting
Mordred at the
Battle of Camlann.
Welsh and
Breton tradition claimed that Arthur had never really died, but would inexorably return to lead his people against their enemies, but some later writers were less credulous, and said that Arthur had in fact died there. Geoffrey dealt with Avalon again in his
Vita Merlini
, in which he describes the character
Morgan le Fay as the chief of nine sisters who live on Avalon. Morgan remained associated with the island in later literature, as does Arthur's mentor, the
Lady of the Lake.
By the 12th century Avalon became associated with
Glastonbury, when monks at
Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of Arthur and his queen. Though no longer an island at the time, the high conical bulk of
Glastonbury Tor had been surrounded by marsh before the surrounding
fenland in the
Somerset Levels was drained. According to later chroniclers, notably
Giraldus Cambrensis, during King
Henry II's reign the abbot of Glastonbury,
Henry of Blois, commissioned a search of the abbey grounds. At a depth of 5 m (16 feet) the monks discovered a massive oak coffin and an iron cross bearing the description:
Hic jacet sepultus inclitus rex Arthurus in insula Avalonia.
("Here lies renowned King Arthur in the island of Avalon"). Inside the coffin were two bodies, who Giraldus refers to as Arthur and "
his queen". In 1278 the remains were reburied with great ceremony, attended by King
Edward I and his queen, before the High Altar at Glastonbury Abbey, where they were the focus of pilgrimages until the
Reformation. However, historians generally dismiss the authenticity of the find, attributing it to a publicity stunt performed to raise funds to repair the Abbey, which was mostly burned down in 1184.
Other theories point to l'Île d'Aval or Daval, on the coast of
Brittany, and
Burgh by Sands, in Cumberland, which was in Roman times the fort of
Aballava on
Hadrian's Wall, and near Camboglanna, upwards on the Eden, now Castlesteads. Coincidentally, the last battle site of Arthur's campaigns is said to have been named
Camlann. Other candidates include the
Bourgogne town of
Avallon, suggested by
Geoffrey Ashe and
Bardsey Island in
Gwynedd, famous for its apples and also connected with
Merlin. Others have claimed the most likely location to be
St Michael's Mount in Cornwall, which is near to other locations associated with the Arthurian legends. St Michael's Mount is an island which can be reached by a causeway at low tide. The matter is confused somewhat by similar legends and place names in Britanny.
Possible assumption by Geoffrey that Pytheas'
Abalus
was near Britain: The ancient Greek traveller
Pytheas, who travelled to Britain around 320BC and then to an island called "
Thule
", considered today to have been Iceland, also went to where amber was collected; and he wrote the island was called
Abalus
or
Abalum
. While it is likely from evidence beyond the scope of this discussion, that Pytheas visited the southeast Baltic region which was the main source of trade amber and that the "island" was actually the Samland Peninsula which is filled with amber still, it is possible that Geoffrey — whose work was very inventive and creative to say the least - read the Latin texts about Pytheas travels, and arbitrarily assumed
Abalus
was near Britain, like
Thule
and felt compelled to include it in his creative embellishments and expansions of the Arthurian myths.
Non-Arthurian notability
Although primarily known in connection with King Arthur, Avalon is sometimes referred to as the legendary location where
Jesus visited the British Isles with
Joseph of Arimathea and that it was later the site of the first
church in
Britain. This location of the Isle of Avalon is usually associated with present day
Glastonbury. Avalon also plays a role in non-Arthurian French literature, such as the stories of
Holger Danske, who was taken there by
Morgan le Fay in a medieval romance, and in the story of
Melusine.
A nearby
valley is named the
Vale of Avalon. The identity of place by its attributes is clear. Avalon is the place of the Apples, as per the Celtic language translations, the Apple orchards of Somerset, of which Glastonbury is the centre.
References