William Marcy Tweed
(April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878), known as "Boss Tweed," was an American politician most famous for his leadership of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel. [1]
Tweed was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1852, and the New York City Board of Advisors in 1856. In 1858, Tweed became the "Grand Sachem" of Tammany Hall. He was elected to the New York State Senate in 1867.
Tweed was convicted for stealing between $40 million and $200 million [2] (based on the inflation or devaluation rate of the dollar since 1870 of 2.7%, this is between 1.5 and 8 billion 2009 dollars) from New York City taxpayers through political corruption. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail.
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BOSS TWEED TICKETS
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Early life
William Marcy Tweed was born April 3, 1823, on the
Lower East Side of
Manhattan. Son to a chair-maker of
Scottish-Irish descent, Tweed made his entrance into politics when he organized the Americus Fire Company No. 6 (also known as the "big six") as a
volunteer fire company. Tweed was elected to the
United States House of Representatives in 1852, the New York City Board of Advisors in 1856, and the
New York State Senate in 1867. Financiers
Jay Gould and
Big Jim Fisk made Tweed a director of the
Erie Railroad, and Tweed in turn arranged favorable legislation for them. Tweed and Gould became the subjects of political cartoons by
Thomas Nast in 1869.
Scandal
By 1870, Tweed, as commissioner of public works, led a ring that controlled the municipal government of New York City.
[3] He and his associates—Peter Barr Sweeny (park commissioner), Richard B. Connolly (controller of public expenditures), and Mayor
A. Oakey Hall—defrauded the taxpayers of many millions of dollars. In the words of Albert Bigelow Paine, "their methods were curiously simple and primitive. There were no skilful manipulations of figures, making detection difficult ... Connolly, as Controller, had charge of the books, and declined to show them. With his fellows, he also 'controlled' the courts and most of the bar."
[4] Contractors working for the city—"Ring favorites, most of them—were told to multiply the amount of each bill by five, or ten, or a hundred, after which, with Mayor Hall's 'O. K.' and Connolly's indorsement, it was paid ... through a go-between, who cashed the check, settled the original bill and divided the reminder ... between Tweed, Sweeny, Connolly and Hall".
[5]
For example, the construction cost of the New York County Courthouse, begun in 1861, grew to nearly $13 million (about $178 million in today's dollars, and nearly twice the cost of the
Alaska Purchase in 1867).
[6]
"A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today) for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork ... a plasterer got $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work".
Tweed's downfall began in April 1870 when he refused to authorize the
Orange Parade, an annual
Protestant celebration. City Sheriff James O'Brien, whose support for Tweed had fluctuated during Tammany's "reign", gave
The New York Times
evidence of
embezzlement in light of the Protestant-Catholic riot that ensued on parade day. The newspaper was reportedly offered $5 million to not publish the evidence. In a subsequent interview, Tweed's only reply was, "Well, what are you going to do about it?" Accounts in
The New York Times
and political cartoons drawn by
Thomas Nast and published in
Harper's Weekly
resulted in the election of numerous opposition candidates in 1871. Regarding Nast's cartoons, Tweed reportedly said, "Stop them damned pictures. I don't care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures!"
[7]
Imprisonment, escape, and death
In October 1871, Tweed was arrested and held on $8 million
bail. The efforts of political reformers
William H. Wickham (1875 New York City mayor) and
Samuel J. Tilden (later the 1876 Democratic presidential nominee) resulted in Tweed's trial and conviction in 1873. Tweed was given a 12-year prison sentence, which was reduced by a higher court and he served one year. He was then re-arrested on civil charges, sued by New York State for $6 million and held in
debtor's prison until he could post $3 million as bail. On December 4, 1875, Tweed escaped and fled to Spain where he worked as a common seaman on a Spanish ship.
The U.S. government discovered his eventual destination of
Spain and arranged for his arrest as soon as he reached the Spanish border. He was delivered to authorities in New York City on November 23, 1876, and was returned to prison.
[8] He was recognized in Spain, from political cartoons showing his corruption. However, the Spanish constables did not recognize the significance of the cartoon and therefore believed they had apprehended a notorious child kidnapper.
Tweed died in the
Ludlow Street Jail on April 12, 1878 from severe
pneumonia. He was buried in the
Brooklyn Green-Wood Cemetery.
[9]
Contributions
In studies of Tweed and the Tammany Hall organization, historians have emphasized the thievery and conspiratorial nature of Boss Tweed along the
Upper West Side, and securing land for the
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Certain aspects of Tammany Hall's activities (aid to the sick and unemployed, advocacy for tenants and workers) foreshadowed
later developments in the U.S. labor movement and
Social Security.
Despite having stolen millions from the public treasury, Tweed made many improvements to the city of New York including the widening of Broadway between
34th Street and 59th Street and the construction of many buildings in
Manhattan.
Tweed also fought for the
New York State Legislature to donate to private charities of all religious denominations, subsidize
Catholic schools, orphanages, and hospitals, and keep the
King James Bible available in schools. From 1869 to 1871, under Tweed's influence, the state of New York spent more on charities than for the entire time period from 1852 to 1868 combined. Tweed also pushed through funding for a teachers college and prohibition of
corporal punishment in schools, as well as salary increases for school teachers.
In popular culture
- The role of Boss Tweed was originated by Noah Beery, Sr. in the 1945 original Broadway production of Up In Central Park
.
- In the novel Inferno
by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, Tweed is seen in Hell being tortured by demons who have pulled him out of the boiling pitch (Eighth Circle, Bolgia 5).
- He was played by Jim Broadbent in the 2002 film Gangs of New York
. [10]
- Tweed appears in Pete Hamill's novel Forever
, not as a villain, but a defender of the rights of minorities and helper of those in need.
- An American Tail
, largely a cartoonization on the rough conditions immigrants faced in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, paid tribute to Tweed with the character of "Honest John", voiced by Neil Ross.
Notes
References
- Boss Tweed
- "Boss Tweed", ''Gotham Gazette'', New York, 4 July 2005.
- Paine 1974, p. 140.
- Paine 1974, p. 143.
- Paine 1974, p. 144.
- Digital History
- lazio
- bioguide.congress.gov
- Ackerman 2005:28
- Gangs of New York