This article is about the musical instrument. See also slit gong, and for other uses of the word, see gong (disambiguation).
A gong
is an East and South East Asian musical instrument that takes the form of a flat metal disc which is hit with a mallet.
Gongs are broadly of three types. Suspended gongs
are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. Bossed gongs
have a raised center boss and are often suspended and played horizontally. Bowl gongs
are bowl-shaped, and rest on cushions and belong more to bells than gongs. Gongs are made mainly from bronze or brass but there are many other alloys in use.
thumb ensemble of instruments - Indonesian Embassy Canberra
thumb, a type of Philippine hanging gong used as part of the Kulintang ensemble
|
GONG TICKETS
|
Types of gong
Suspended gongs
are played with beaters and are of two main types: flat faced discs either with or without a turned edge, and gongs with a raised center boss. In general, the larger the gong, the larger and softer the beater. In Western symphonic music the flat faced gongs are generally referred to as tam-tams to distinguish them from their bossed counterparts, although the term "gong" is correct to use for either type. The gong has been an ancient Chinese custom for many eras. They were first used to signal peasant workers in from the fields as some gongs are loud enough to hear from up to 50 miles away. In Japan, they are used to start the beginning of sumo wrestling contests.
Large flat gongs may be 'primed' by lightly hitting them before the main stroke, greatly enhancing the sound and causing the instrument to "speak" sooner, with a shorter delay for the sound to "bloom". Keeping this priming stroke inaudible calls for a great deal of skill. The smallest suspended gongs are played with bamboo sticks, or even western-style drumsticks. Contemporary & avant-garde music, where different sounds are sought, will often use friction mallets (producing squeals & harmonics), bass bows (producing long tones and high overtones), and various striking implements (wood/plastic/metal) to produce the desired tones.
Traditional suspended gongs
Chau gongs
thumb
By far the most familiar to most Westerners is the
chau gong
or
bullseye gong
. Large chau gongs, called
tam-tams
(not to be confused with
tom-tom drums)
[1] have become part of the
symphony orchestra. Sometimes a chau gong is referred to as a
Chinese gong
, but in fact it is only one of many types of suspended gongs that are associated with China
The chau gong is made of copper-based alloy, bronze or brass. It is almost flat except for the rim, which is turned up to make a shallow cylinder. On a 10" gong, for example, the rim extends about a half an inch perpendicular to the gong surface. The main surface is slightly concave when viewed from the direction to which the rim is turned. The centre spot and the rim of a chau gong are left coated on both sides with the black copper oxide that forms during the manufacture of the gong, the rest of the gong is polished to remove this coating. Chau gongs range in size from 7" to 80" in diameter.
The earliest Chau gong is from a tomb discovered at the Guixian site in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. It dates from the early Western Han Dynasty. They were known for their very intense and spiritual drumming in rituals and tribal meetings.
Traditionally, chau gongs were used to clear the way for important officials and processions, much like a police siren today. Sometimes the number of strokes on the gong was used to indicate the seniority of the official. In this way, two officials meeting unexpectedly on the road would know before the meeting which of them should bow down before the other.
Uses of gongs in the symphony orchestra
Vincenzo Bellini and
Richard Wagner were some of the first composers
[2] to use the tam-tam in their works; Bellini in
Norma
(1831) and Wagner in
Rienzi
(1842). Within a few decades the tam-tam became an important member of the percussion section of a modern symphony orchestra. Fine examples of its use are demonstrated in the symphonies of
Gustav Mahler,
Dmitri Shostakovich and, to a lesser extent,
Sergei Rachmaninov.
Karlheinz Stockhausen used a 60"
Paiste tam-tam in his
Momente
. Puccini as mentioned before used both Gongs and Tam-tams in his Operas.
Nipple gongs
thumb,
Isan,
Thailand
Nipple gongs
have a raised boss or nipple in the centre, often made of a different metal to the rest of the gong. They have a clear resonant tone with less shimmer than other gongs, and two distinct sounds depending on whether they are struck on the boss or next to it. They most often are tuned to various pitches.
Nipple gongs range in size from 6' to 14' or larger. Sets of smaller, tuned nipple gongs can be used to play a tune.
A
Bau gong
is a type of nipple gong used in Chinese temples for worship.
Opera gongs
An essential part of the
orchestra for
Chinese opera is a pair of gongs, the larger with a descending tone, the smaller with a rising tone. The larger gong is used to announce the entrance of major players, of men, and to identify points of drama and consequence. The smaller gong is used to announce the entry of lesser players, of women, and to identify points of humour.
Opera gongs range in size from 7" to 12", with the larger of a pair one or two inches larger than the smaller.
Pasi gongs
A
Pasi gong
is a medium-size gong 12" to 15" in size, with a crashing sound. It is used traditionally to announce the start of a performance, play or magic. Construction varies, some having nipples and some not, so this type is named more for its function than for its structure or even its sound.
Pasi gongs without nipples have found favour with adventurous middle-of-the-road kit
drummers.
Tiger gong
A
tiger gong
is a slightly descending or less commonly ascending gong, larger than an opera gong and with a less pronounced pitch shift. Most commonly 15" but available down to 8".
Shueng Kwong
A
Sheng Kwong
gong is a medium to large gong with a sharp
staccato sound.
Wind gong
Wind gongs (also known as Feng or Lion Gongs) are flat bronze discs, with little fundamental pitch, heavy tuned overtones, and long sustain. They are most commonly made of B20 bronze, but can also be made of M63 brass or NS12 nickel-silver. Traditionally, a wind gong is played with a large soft mallet, which gives them a roaring crash to match their namesake. They are lathed on both sides and are medium to large in size, typically 15" to 22" but sizes from 7" to 40" are available. The 22" size is most popular due to its portability and large sound. They are commonly used by drum kit drummers in rock music.
Played with a nylon tip drumstick they sound a bit like the coil chimes in a mantle clock. Some have holes in the centre, but they are mounted like all suspended gongs by other holes near the rim. The smaller sizes (7"-12") have a more bell-like tone due to their thickness and small diameter.
Other uses
In older
Javanese usage and in modern
Balinese usage, gong is used to identify an ensemble of instruments. In contemporary central Javanese usage, the term
gamelan is preferred and the term gong is reserved for the
gong ageng, the largest instrument of the type, or for surrogate instruments such as the gong
komodong or gong
bumbu (blown gong) which fill the same musical function in ensembles lacking the large gong. In Balinese usage, gong refers to
Gamelan Gong Kebyar.
Another type of
drum is the "
slit gong" or
slit drum. The people of
Vanuatu in particular, cut a large log with 'totem' type carvings on the outer surface and hollow out the centre leaving only a slit down the front. This hollowed out log gives the deep resonance of drums when hit on the outside with sticks.
Gongs - general
A
gong
(
Chinese:
?;
pinyin: luó;
Malay language or
Javanese language:
gong-gong
or
tam-tam
) is a percussion sonorous or
musical instrument of
Chinese origin and manufacture, made in the form of a broad thin disk with a deep rim, that has spread to
Southeast Asia - a type of flat bell.
Gongs vary in diameter from about 20 to 40 inches, and they are made of
bronze containing a maximum of 22 parts of
tin to 78 of
copper; but in many cases the proportion of tin is considerably less. Such an
alloy, when cast and allowed to cool slowly, is excessively brittle, but it can be
tempered and
annealed in a peculiar manner. If suddenly cooled from a cherry-red heat, the alloy becomes so soft that it can be hammered and worked on the
lathe, and afterwards it may be hardened by re-heating and cooling it slowly. In these properties it will be observed, the alloy behaves in a manner exactly opposite to
steel, and the Chinese avail themselves of the known peculiarities for preparing the thin sheets of which gongs are made. They cool their castings of bronze in water, and after hammering out the alloy in the soft state, harden the finished gongs by heating them to a cherry-red and allowing them to cool slowly. These properties of the alloy long remained a secret, said to have been first discovered in Europe by Jean Pierre Joseph d'Arcet at the beginning of the 19th century. Riche and Champion are said to have succeeded in producing tam-tams having all the qualities and timbre of the Chinese instruments. The composition of the alloy of bronze used for making gongs is stated to be as follows: Copper, 76.52; Tin, 22.43; Lead, 0.26; Zinc, 0.23; Iron, 0.81. The gong is beaten with a round, hard, leather-covered pad, fitted on a short stick or handle. It emits a peculiarly sonorous sound, its complex vibrations bursting into a wave-like succession of
tones, sometimes shrill, sometimes deep. In China and Japan it is used in religious ceremonies, state processions, marriages and other festivals; and it is said that the Chinese can modify its tone variously by particular ways of striking the disk.
The gong has been effectively used in the
orchestra to intensify the impression of fear and horror in melodramatic scenes. The tam-tam was first introduced into a western orchestra by
François Joseph Gossec in the funeral march composed at the death of
Mirabeau in 1791.
Gaspare Spontini used it in
La Vestale
(1807), in the finale of Act II, an impressive scene in which the high pontiff pronounces the anathema on the faithless vestal. It was also used in the funeral music played when the remains of
Napoleon were brought back to France in 1840.
Meyerbeer made use of the instrument in the scene of the resurrection of the three nuns in
Robert le diable.
Four tam-tams are now used at
Bayreuth in
Parsifal
to reinforce the bell instruments, although there is no indication given in the score. The tam-tam has been treated from its ethnographical side by Franz Heger. In more modern music, the tam-tam has been used by composers such as
Karlheinz Stockhausen in
Mikrophonie I
(1964-65) and by
George Crumb. Crumb expanded the timbral range of the tam-tam by giving performance directions (in
Makrokosmos III: Music For A Summer Evening
, composed in 1974) such as using a "well-rosined contrabass bow" to bow the tam-tam, producing an eerie harmonic sound, while Stockhausen exploited amplification (via hand-held microphones) of a wide range of scraping, tapping, rubbing, and beating techniques using unconventional implements (plastic dishes, egg timer, cardboard tubes, etc.).
Signal gongs
Railcar mounted
The signal bell mounted on a
tram,
streetcar,
cable car or
light rail train is known as a
gong
. It is a bowl-shaped bell typically mounted on the front of the leading car. It is sounded to act as a warning in areas where whistles and horns are prohibited. The "Clang" of the trolley refers to the sound made by the warning gong. In the
Tram controls, the gong is operated by a foot lever. A smaller gong with a bell pull is mounted by the rear door of these railcars. It operated by the
conductor to notify the
motorman that it is safe to proceed.
Vehicle mounted
In the Commonwealth, emergency vehicles were fitted with electric, manual, or vacuum operated bell gongs in the time before Martin's horns became available or rotary sirens came into use.
Rail crossing
A
railroad crossing with a flashing
traffic signal or
wigwag will also typically have a warning bell, also known as a
gong
. The gong is struck by an electric-powered hammer to give motorists and pedestrians an audible warning of an oncoming train. Many railroad crossing gongs are now being replaced by electronic devices with no moving parts.
Boxing (sport)
A bowl-shaped center mounted gong is standard equipment in a
boxing ring and is known as a
gong
. It is struck with a hammer to signal the start and end of each round. The expression "saved by the bell" refers to the gong sounding the end of a boxing round.
Theater
Electromechanical, electromagnetic or electronic devices producing sound of gong have been installed in Czech theaters to gather audience from lounge to auditorium before show begins or proceeds after interlude.
[3]
[4]
[5]
Time signal
German radio uses the gong sound to mark the exact time.
[6]
Gongs in popular culture
- Gongs have been used in upper class households as waking devices, or to summon domestic help.
- The space rock group Gong were named after it.
- T. Rex (Marc Bolan) had a hit song on his album Electric Warrior
called Get it On (Bang a Gong)
.
- A man hitting a gong twice starts all Rank films. This iconic figure is known as the "gongman."
- The Moody Blues' landmark album Days of Future Passed
opens with a crescendo roll on tam-tam, and closes with a single stroke which fades to silence.
- Queen's classic song "Bohemian Rhapsody" ends with the sound of a massive tam-tam. Roger Taylor is known for having one of the biggest tam-tams in rock.
- A gong is played in the song "What Is and What Should Never Be" by Led Zeppelin. The gong is also the last instrument played in the live version of "Whole Lotta Love". John Bonham also used a gong in the songs "Moby Dick", "Stairway to Heaven", "Dazed and Confused", and "Kashmir"
- A gong is also played at the end of the song "Dream On" by Aerosmith.
- In The Addams Family
television show, the sound of a chau gong (activated by a bell pull) would summon Lurch the family butler. Upon appearing, Lurch would utter his basso profundo catchphrase, "You Rang?"
- A gong was the titular feature on The Gong Show,
a television variety show/game show spoof that was broadcast in the United States from 1976 until 1980. The gong was used to signal the failure of an act by the show's panel.
- Roger Waters used a gong on stage with Pink Floyd in concerts from 1967-1973 on "A Saucerful of Secrets" and "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun". The latter was when the gong would burst into flames during live performances. Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii contains dramatic scenes of Waters striking a large gong.
- The Flaming Lips's 2007 stage show prominently featured a gong during the performance of the song "Mountain Side", where Wayne Coyne would fire a streamer gun at the gong in sync with the accents. Coyne also used the gong in a performance of "Race For The Prize" on the BBC show Later with Jools Holland
in 1999.
- An eerie gong sounds in WWE superstar The Undertaker's entrance music as well as in the older versions.
- In the British military "gong" is slang for a medal.
- The "sun gong" used in the annual Paul Winter Winter Solstice Celebration held at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York is claimed to be the world's largest tam tam gong at 7 feet in diameter. (See the text for #1 image)
- The protagonist of Huang Chunming's story The Taste of Apples
uses a gong in the course of his work as a town crier in Taiwan.
- Morrissey's drummers have used a gong in many of his live shows since 2005 to dramatically end songs.
- Toto make use of a gong several times in their song "Africa".
List of gongs
thumb
- Agung
- Babendil
- Bonang
- Coil Gong
- Gandingan
- Gong ageng
- Gungsa
- Kempul
- Kempyang and ketuk
- Kenong
- Khong mon
- Kulintang
- chau gong
- nipple gong (boa gong)
- feng gong
- tam tam
- paiste symphonic
- flat gong
- rin gong
- Umpan
See also
- Space of Gong culture in the Central Highlands of Vietnam
- Dong Son drum
References
- Morris Goldberg in his ''Modern School... Guide for The Artist Percussionist'' (Chappell & Co., Inc., New York, New York, 1955), says that "in modern symphony orchestra names ''gong'' and ''tam-tam'' mean the same thing, that in scholarly circles, tam-tam is considered to be a slang expression taken from an African word meaning drum", later associated with gongs of indefinite pitch, and as such was adopted by virtually all composers using the term and thus is used now interchangeably.
- Although in modern, 20th century and beyond, performances sometimes conductors were adapting tam-tam in orchestra for the performances of Gluck's ''Alceste'' and ''Orfeo ed Euridice'' (as ones used in the Metropolitan Opera historical productions, there is no trace of it in original scores of Gluck himself, so it must be considered an effect additions rather than the wish of the composer himself.
- Palantir
- Webmagazín Rozhledna .::. nezávislý kulturne-spolecenský deník
- Mesto Rumburk - oficiální stránky mesta
- http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong