European Union This article is part of the series: History of the European Union Pre-1945 1945–1957 ECSC '50 - '51 - '52 - '53 '54 - '55 - '56 - '57 Treaty of Paris 1958–1972 EEC - Euratom Hallstein Commission '58 - '59 - '60 - '61 - '62 '63 - '64 - '65 - '66 - '67 Rey Commission '67 - '68 - '69 - '70 Malfatti Commission '70 - '71 - '72 Mansholt Commission '72 - '73 Treaty of Rome - SEA 1973–1993 Ortoli Commission '73 - '74 - '75 - '76 - '77 Jenkins Commission '77 - '78 - '79 - '80 - '81 Thorn Commission '81 - '82 - '83 - '84 - '85 Delors Commission '85 - '86 - '87 - '88 '89 - '90 - '91 - '92 - '93 Treaty of Maastricht 1993–2004 European Union Delors Commission '93 - '94 Santer Commission '94 - '95 - '96 '97 - '98 - '99 Prodi Commission '99 - '00 - '01 - '02 '03 - '04 Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Nice 2004–present Barroso Commission '04 - '05 - '06 - '07 '08 - '09 See also History of Europe Enlargement - Treaties Timeline - Presidency ----  |v • d • [e]  The Inner Six , or simply The Six , were the six founding member-states of the European Communities. This was in contrast to the outer seven who formed the European Free Trade Association rather than be involved in supranational European integration (though most later joined the European Communities). ;The Inner Six; collapsed ;The Outer Seven; The Portuguese Republic  Capital   Lisbon  Districts   Lisbon | Leiria | Santarém | Setúbal | Beja | Faro | Évora | Portalegre | Castelo Branco | Guarda | Coimbra | Aveiro | Viseu | Bragança | Vila Real | Oporto | Braga | Viana do Castelo  Subdivisions   Mainland Portugal | Azores | Madeira Islands  Regions & Subregions   Alentejo: (Alentejo Central, Alentejo Litoral, Alto Alentejo, Baixo Alentejo, Lezíria do Tejo)  | Algrave: (Algarve)  | Centro: (Baixo Mondego, Baixo Vouga, Beira Interior Norte, Beira Interior Sul, Cova da Beira, Dão-Lafões, Médio Tejo, Oeste, Pinhal Interior Norte, Pinhal Interior Sul, Pinhal Litoral, Serra da Estrela)  | Lisboa: (Grande Lisboa, Península de Setúbal)  | Norte: (Alto Trás-os-Montes, Ave, Cávado, Douro, Entre Douro e Vouga, Grande Porto, Minho-Lima, Tâmega)  | Autonomous Region of Azores: (Autonomous Region of Azores)  | Autonomous Region of Madeira: (Autonomous Region of Madeira)  Municipalities   For the complete list of the 308 municipalities, see: List of municipalities in Portugal.  History   Politics   Geography   Economy   Culture

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History

The inner six are those who responded to the Schuman Declaration's call for the pooling of coal and steel resources under a common High Authority. The six signed the Treaty of Paris creating the European Coal and Steel Community on 18 April 1951 (which came into force on 23 July 1952). Following on from this, they attempted to create a European Defence Community: with the idea of allowing West Germany to rearm under the authority of a common European military command, a treaty was signed in 1952. However the plan was rejected by the Senate of France, which also scuppered the draft treaty for a European Political Community (which would have created a political federation to ensure democratic control over the new European army). President of the ECSC High Authority, and architect of the ECSC, Jean Monnet resigned in protest and began work on a new plan concentrating on economic fields.

Dependency on overseas oil and the steady exhaustion of coal deposits led to the idea of an atomic energy community (a separate Community was favoured by Monnet, rather than simply extending the powers of the ECSC as suggested by the Common Assembly). However the Benelux countries and Germany desired a common market (though opposed by France and Monnet). In order to reconcile the two ideas, both communities would be created. ^[1] Thus, the six went on to sign the Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. The institutions of these communities would later be merged in 1967, leading to them collectively being known as the "European Communities". The six would continue in their co-operation until 1973 when they were joined by 3 of the outer seven.

Enlargement to the seven

The events of the Suez Crisis showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to the United States and the European Community. Britain, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–French President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership of the Community as a Trojan horse for US interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership. ^[2] The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway accededing to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a referendum).

After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leave EFTA to join the Communities in 1986, joined by Sweden and Austria in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA has gained two new members in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now the European Union (EU), has reached 27.

Modern "inner" groups

Today, there are still some groups within the European Union integrating faster than others, for example; the Eurozone and Schengen Area (see: Opt-outs in the European Union). The Treaty of Lisbon includes provisions for a group of countries to integrate without the inclusions of others if they do not wish to join in and, following the rejection of the European Constitution, some leaders wished to create an inner, more highly integrated Federal Europe within a slower moving EU.

See also

• European Free Trade Association
• European Economic Area
• Visegrád Group
• G-3 (Europe)
• G6 (EU)
• Schengen Agreement
• Enlargement of the European Union
• Opt-outs in the European Union
• Multi-speed Europe

References

1. 1957-1968 Successes and crises European NAvigator
2. France's own lesson from Suez BBC News