In Irish mythology, Nemain
(or Nemhain
, Nemon
or Neman
) is the fairy spirit of the frenzied havoc of war, and possibly an aspect of the Morrígan.
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NEMHAIN TICKETS
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Representation in literature
In the grand Irish epic of the
Tain Bo Cuailnge, Neman confounds armies, so that friendly bands fall in mutual slaughter. When the forces of Queen
Medb arrive at
Magh-Tregham, in the present county of
Longford, on the way to
Cuailnge, Neman appears amongst them:
“Then the Neman attacked them, and that was not the most comfortable night with them, from the uproar of the giant Dubtach through his sleep. The bands were immediately startled, and the army confounded, until Medb went to check the confusion.” Lebor na hUidhre, fol. 46, b1.
And in another passage, in the episode called “Breslech Maighe Muirthemhne,” where a terrible description is given of
Cuchullain’s fury at seeing the hostile armies of the south and west encamped within the borders of
Uladh, we are told (Book of Leinster, fol.54, a2, and b1):
“He saw from him the ardent sparkling of the bright golden weapons over the heads of the four great provinces of Eriu, before the fall of the cloud of evening. Great fury and indignation seized him on seeing them, at the number of his opponents and at the multitude of his enemies. He seized his two spears, and his shield and his sword, and uttered from his throat a warrior’s shout, so that sprites, and satyrs, and maniacs of the valley, and the demons of the air responded, terror-stricken by the shout which he had raised on high. And the Neman confused the army; and the four provinces of Eriu dashed themselves against the points of their own spears and weapons, so that one hundred warriors died of fear and trembling in the middle of the fort and encampment that night.”
Kinship
In
Cormac’s glossary, Nemain is said to have been the wife of Neit, “the god of battle with the pagan Gaeidhel”.
A poem in the
Book of Leinster (fol. 6, a2), couples Badb and Neman as the wives of Neid or Neit:—
“Neit son of Indu, and his two wives,
Badb and Neamin, truly,
Were slain in Ailech, without blemish,
By Neptur of the Fomorians”.
At folio 5, a2, of the same MS.,
Fea
and Nemain are said to have been Neit’s two wives but in the poem on Ailech printed from the
Dinnsenchus in the “Ordinance Memoir of Templemore” (p. 226), Nemain only is mentioned as the wife of
Neit. Also, in the Irish books of genealogy, both Fea and Neman are said to have been the two daughters of
Elcmar of the Brugh (
Newgrange, near the
Boyne), who was the son of
Delbaeth, son of
Ogma, son of Elatan, and the wives of Neid son of
Indae. This identical kinship of Fea and Nemain implies that the two are one and the same personality.
She sometimes appears as a
bean nighe, the weeping washer by a river, washing the clothes or entrails of a doomed warrior.
Etymology
The variant forms in which her name appears in Irish texts are
Nemon ~ Nemain ~ Neman.
These alternations imply that the
Proto-Celtic form of this
theonym, if such a theonym existed at that stage, would have been *
Nemanja
, *
Nemani-s
or *
Nemoni-s
.
The meaning of the name has been various glossed. Squire (2000:45) glossed the name as 'venomous' presumably relating it to the
Proto-Celtic *
nemi-
‘dose of poison’ ‘something which is dealt out’ from the
Proto-Indo-European root *
nem-
‘deal out’ (Old Irish
nem
, pl.
neimi
‘poison’ ). However, *
nemi-
is clearly an
i
-stem noun whereas the stems of the reconstructed forms *
Nema-nja
, *
Nema-ni-s
and *
Nemo-ni-s
are clearly
a
-stem and
o
-stem nouns respectively.
Equally, the
Proto-Celtic *namant-
‘enemy’ (Irish
námhaid
,
genitive namhad
‘enemy’ from the
Old Irish náma
, g.
námat
, pl.n.
námait
) is too different in form from *
Nemanja
, *
Nemani-s
or *
Nemoni-s
to be equated with any of them.
The name may plausibly be an extended form of the
Proto-Indo-European root of the name is
*nem-
‘seize, take, deal out’ to which is related the
Ancient Greek Némesis
‘wrath, nemesis’ and the name
Nemesis
, the personification of
retributive justice in
Greek mythology. Also related to this Proto-Indo-European root is the
Old High German nâma
‘rapine,’
German nehmen
, ‘take,’
English nimble
;
Zend ‘’O’Neal’’ ‘crime,’
Albanian name
‘a curse’ and the
Welsh,
Cornish, and
Breton nam
, ‘blame’ . According to this theory, the name would mean something like ‘the Great Taker’ or the ‘Great Allotter.’ However, it is just as plausible that the name be related to the
Proto-Indo-European root
*nem-
‘bend, twist.’ Along these lines, the
theonym would mean something like the ‘Great Twister’ or the ‘Great Bender.’
References