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Planets Wiki Information

thumb, Neptune; Centre row: Earth, white dwarf star Sirius B, Venus (to scale) (see inset below for Mars and Mercury)

A planet (from Greek p?a??t??, a derivative of the word p????? meaning "moving"), is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.[a [1] [2]

The term planet is ancient, with ties to history, science, myth, and religion. The planets were originally seen by many early cultures as divine, or as emissaries of the gods. As scientific knowledge advanced, human perception of the planets changed, incorporating a number of disparate objects. Even now there is no uncontested definition of what a planet is. In 2006, the IAU officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This definition has been both praised and criticized, and remains disputed by some scientists.

The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit the Earth in deferent and epicycle motions. Though the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times, it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations, performed by Galileo Galilei. By careful analysis of the observation data, Johannes Kepler found the planets' orbits to be not circular, but elliptical. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, the planets rotated around tilted axes, and some share such features as ice-caps and seasons. Since the dawn of the Space Age, close observation by probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology. Since 1992, through the discovery of hundreds of planets around other stars, called extrasolar planets, scientists are beginning to understand that planets throughout the Milky Way Galaxy share characteristics in common with our own. As of August 2009, there are 373 known extrasolar planets, ranging from the size of gas giants to that of terrestrial planets. [3]

Planets are generally divided into two main types: large, low-density gas giants, and smaller, rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Solar System also contains at least five dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto (originally classified as the Solar System's ninth planet), Makemake, Haumea and Eris. With the exception of Mercury, Venus, Ceres and Makemake, all of these are orbited by one or more natural satellites.

PLANETS TICKETS

History



The idea of planets has evolved over its history, from the divine wandering stars of antiquity to the earthly objects of the scientific age. The concept has also now expanded to include worlds not only in the Solar System, but in hundreds of other extrasolar systems. The ambiguities inherent in defining planets have led to much scientific controversy.

In ancient times, astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. Ancient Greeks called these lights "p????te? ?st??e?" (planetes asteres : wandering stars) or simply "p?a??t??" (planetoi : wanderers), [4] from which the today's word "planet" was derived. [5] In ancient Greece, China, Babylon and indeed all pre-modern civilisations, [6] [7] it was almost universally believed that Earth was in the centre of the Universe and that all the "planets" circled the Earth. The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around the Earth each day, [8] and the apparently common sense perception that the Earth was solid and stable, and that it is not moving but at rest.

Babylon

The first Western civilisation known to possess a functional theory of the planets were the Babylonians, who lived in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia BC. The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC. The Babylonians also laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology. [9] The Enuma anu enlil , written during the Neo-Assyrian period in the 7th century BC, [10] comprises a list of omens and their relationships with various celestial phenomena including the motions of the planets. [11] The Sumerians, predecessors of the Babylonians who are considered as one of the first civilizations and are credited with the invention of writing, had identified at least Venus by 1500 BC. [12]

Ancient Greece to Medieval Europe

Modern Moon Mercury Venus the Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn
Medieval Europe [13] ? LVNA ? MERCVRIVS ?VENVS ? SOL ? MARS ? IVPITER ? SATVRNVS


The ancient Greek cosmological system was taken from that of the Babylonians, from whom they began to acquire astronomical learning from around 600 BC, including the constellations and the zodiac. [14] In the 6th century BC, the Babylonians' astronomical knowledge at the time was far in advance of the Greeks. The earliest known Greek sources, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey , do not mention the planets.

By the first century BC, the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets. These schemes, which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians, would eventually eclipse the Babylonians' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness, and account for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye. These theories would reach their fullest expression in the Almagest written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. So complete was the domination of Ptolemy's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries.

To the Greeks and Romans there were seven known planets, each presumed to be circling the Earth according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy. They were, in increasing order from Earth (in Ptolemy's order): the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. [15] [16] [17]

European Renaissance

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn


The five naked-eye planets may have been known since ancient times, and have had a significant impact on mythology, religious cosmology, and ancient astronomy. As scientific knowledge progressed, however, understanding of the term "planet" changed from something that moved across the sky (in relation to the star field); to a body that orbited the Earth (or that were believed to do so at the time); and in the 16th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler gained sway.

Thus the Earth became included in the list of planets, while the Sun and Moon were excluded. At first, when the first satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were discovered in the 17th century, the terms "planet" and "satellite" were used interchangeably – although the latter would gradually become more prevalent in the following century. [18] Until the mid-19th century, the number of "planets" rose rapidly since any newly discovered object directly orbiting the Sun was listed as a planet by the scientific community.

19th Century

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Vesta Juno Ceres Pallas Jupiter Saturn Uranus


In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century (such as Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta), were very different from the traditional ones. These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter (the Asteroid belt), and had a much smaller mass; as a result they were reclassified as "asteroids". In the absence of any formal definition, a "planet" came to be understood as any "large" body that orbited the Sun. Since there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets, and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846, there was no apparent need to have a formal definition. [19]

20th Century

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune


However, in the 20th century, Pluto was discovered. After initial observations led to the belief it was larger than Earth, [20] the object was immediately accepted as the ninth planet. Further monitoring found the body was actually much smaller: in 1936, Raymond Lyttleton suggested that Pluto may be an escaped satellite of Neptune, [21] and Fred Whipple suggested in 1964 that Pluto may be a comet. [22] However, as it was still larger than all known asteroids and seemingly did not exist within a larger population, [23] it kept its status until 2006.
Planets 1930-2006
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto


In 1992, astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of planets around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12. [24] This discovery is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of a planetary system around another star. Then, on October 6, 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star (51 Pegasi). [25]

The discovery of extrasolar planets led to another ambiguity in defining a planet; the point at which a planet becomes a star. Many known extrasolar planets are many times the mass of Jupiter, approaching that of stellar objects known as "brown dwarfs". [26] Brown dwarfs are generally considered stars due to their ability to fuse deuterium, a heavier isotope of hydrogen. While stars more massive than 75 times that of Jupiter fuse hydrogen, stars of only 13 Jupiter masses can fuse deuterium. However, deuterium is quite rare, and most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusing deuterium long before their discovery, making them effectively indistinguishable from supermassive planets. [27]

21st Century

Planets 2006-
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune


With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars, disputes arose over what should constitute a planet. There was particular disagreement over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a belt, or if it was large enough to generate energy by the thermonuclear fusion of deuterium.

A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet, since many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System (the Kuiper belt) during the 1990s and early 2000s. Pluto was found to be just one small body in a population of thousands.

Some of them including Quaoar, Sedna, and Eris were heralded in the popular press as the tenth planet, failing however to receive widespread scientific recognition. The discovery of Eris, a more massive object, brought things to a head.

Acknowledging the problem, the IAU set about creating the definition of planet, and eventually produced one in 2006. The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and a new class of dwarf planets was created, initially containing three objects (Ceres, Pluto and Eris). [28]

Extrasolar planet definition

Dwarf Planets 2006-
Ceres Pluto Makemake Haumea Eris


In 2003, The International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets made a position statement on the definition of a planet that incorporated the following working definition, mostly focused upon the boundary between planets and brown dwarves: [29]

Image:EightTNOs.png|thumb|275px|Comparison of Eris, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea, Sedna, Orcus, Quaoar, Varuna, and Earth (all to scale). #Earth rect 646 1714 2142 1994 The Earth #Eris and Dysnomia circle 226 412 16 Dysnomia circle 350 626 197 Eris #Pluto and Charon circle 1252 684 86 Charon circle 1038 632 188 Pluto #Makemake circle 1786 614 142 Makemake #Haumea circle 2438 616 155 Haumea #Sedna circle 342 1305 137 Sedna #Orcus circle 1088 1305 114 Orcus #Quaoar circle 1784 1305 97 Quaoar #Varuna circle 2420 1305 58 Varuna #link to image (under all other links) rect 0 0 2749 1994 File:EightTNOs.png

desc bottom-right # - setting this to "bottom-right" will display a (rather large) icon linking to the graphic, if desired

#Notes: #Details on the new coding for clickable images is here: mw:Extension:ImageMap #While it may look strange, it's important to keep the codes for a particular system in order. The clickable coding treats the first object created in an area as the one on top. #Moons should be placed on "top" so that their smaller circles won't disappear "under" their respective primaries.
#Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 times the mass of Jupiter for objects with the same isotopic abundance as the Sun [30]) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass and size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System. #Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "brown dwarfs", no matter how they formed or where they are located. #Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).

This definition has since been widely used by astronomers when publishing discoveries of exoplanets in academic journals. [31] Although temporary, it remains an effective working definition until a more permanent one is formally adopted. However, it does not address the dispute over the lower mass limit, [32] and so it steered clear of the controversy regarding objects within the Solar System.

2006 definition

The matter of the lower limit was addressed during the 2006 meeting of the IAU's General Assembly. After much debate and one failed proposal, the assembly voted to pass a resolution that defined planets within the Solar System as: [33]

A celestial body that is (a) in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has clearing the neighbourhood

– cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.



Under this definition, the Solar System is considered to have eight planets. Bodies which fulfill the first two conditions but not the third (such as Pluto, Makemake and Eris) are classified as dwarf planets, provided they are not also natural satellites of other planets. Originally an IAU committee had proposed a definition that would have included a much larger number of planets as it did not include (c) as a criterion. [34] After much discussion, it was decided via a vote that those bodies should instead be classified as dwarf planets. [35]

This definition is based in theories of planetary formation, in which planetary embryos initially clear their orbital neighborhood of other smaller objects. As described by astronomer Steven Soter: [36]

The end product of secondary disk accretion is a small number of relatively large bodies (planets) in either non-intersecting or resonant orbits, which prevent collisions between them. Asteroids and comets, including KBOs [Kuiper belt objects], differ from planets in that they can collide with each other and with planets.



In the aftermath of the IAU's 2006 vote, there has been controversy and debate about the definition, [37] [38] and many astronomers have stated that they will not use it. [39] Part of the dispute centres around the belief that point (c) (clearing its orbit) should not have been listed, and that those objects now categorised as dwarf planets should actually be part of a broader planetary definition. The next IAU conference is not until 2009, when modifications could be made to the IAU definition, also possibly including extrasolar planets.

Beyond the scientific community, Pluto has held a strong cultural significance for many in the general public considering its planetary status since its discovery in 1930. The discovery of Eris was widely reported in the media as the tenth planet and therefore the reclassification of all three objects as dwarf planets has attracted a lot of media and public attention as well. [40]

Former classifications

The table below lists Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets :

Bodies Notes
Sun, Moon Classified as planets in antiquity, in accordance with the definition then used.
Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto The four largest moons of Jupiter, known as the Galilean moons after their discoverer Galileo Galilei. He referred to them as the "Medicean Planets" in honor of his patron, the Medici family.
Titan,[b Iapetus,[c Rhea,[c Tethys,[d and Dione[d Five of Saturn's larger moons, discovered by Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Domenico Cassini.
Ceres,[e Pallas, Juno, and Vesta The first known asteroids, from their discoveries between 1801 and 1807 until their reclassification as asteroids during the 1850s. [41] Ceres has subsequently been classified as a dwarf planet.
Astrea, Hebe, Iris, Flora, Metis, Hygeia, Parthenope, Victoria, Egeria, Irene, Eunomia More asteroids, discovered between 1845 and 1851. The rapidly expanding list of planets prompted their reclassification as asteroids by astronomers, and this was widely accepted by 1854. [42]
Pluto[f Trans-Neptunian object with a semi-major axis beyond Neptune. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet.


Mythology



The names for the planets in the Western world are derived from the naming practices of the Romans, which ultimately derive from those of the Greeks and the Babylonians. In ancient Greece, the two great luminaries the Sun and the Moon were called Helios and Selene ; the farthest planet was called Phainon , the shiner; followed by Phaethon , "bright"; the red planet was known as Pyroeis , the "fiery"; the brightest was known as Phosphoros , the light bringer; and the fleeting final planet was called Stilbon , the gleamer. The Greeks also made each planet sacred to one of their pantheon of gods, the Olympians: Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods; Phainon was sacred to Kronos , the Titan who fathered the Olympians; Phaethon was sacred to Zeús , Kronos's son who deposed him as king; Pyroeis was given to Ares , son of Zeus and god of war; Phosphorus was ruled by Aphrodite , the goddess of love; and Hermes , messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit, ruled over Stilbon. [43]

The Greek practice of grafting of their gods' names onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians. The Babylonians named Phosphorus after their goddess of love, Ishtar ; Pyroeis after their god of war, Nergal , Stilbon after their god of wisdom Nabu, and Phaethon after their chief god, Marduk . [44] There are too many concordances between Greek and Babylonian naming conventions for them to have arisen separately. The translation was not perfect. For instance, the Babylonian Nergal was a god of war, and thus the Greeks identified him with Ares. However, unlike Ares, Nergal was also god of pestilence and the underworld. [45]

Today, most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods. While modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets, other European languages, because of the influence of the Roman Empire and, later, the Catholic Church, use the Roman (or Latin) names rather than the Greek ones. The Romans, who, like the Greeks, were Indo-Europeans, shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods. During the later period of the Roman Republic, Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon, to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable. [46] When the Romans studied Greek astronomy, they gave the planets their own gods' names: Mercurius (for Hermes), Venus (Aphrodite), Mars (Ares), Iuppiter (Zeus) and Saturnus (Kronos). When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, the naming practice was retained: Uranus (Ouranos ) and Neptunus (Poseidon ).

Some Romans, following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt, believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth. The order of shifts went Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (from the farthest to the closest planet). [49] Therefore, the first day was started by Saturn (1st hour), second day by Sun (25th hour), followed by Moon (49th hour), Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Venus. Since each day was named by the god that started it, this is also the order of the days of the week in the Roman calendar after the Nundinal cycle was rejected – and still preserved many modern languages. [50] Sunday, Monday, and Saturday are straightforward translations of these Roman names. In English the other days were renamed after Tiw , (Tuesday) Wóden (Wednesday), Thunor (Thursday), and Fríge (Friday), the Anglo-Saxon gods considered similar or equivalent to Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus respectively.

Since Earth was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century, [51] there is no tradition of naming it after a god (the same is true, in English at least, of the Sun and the Moon, though they are no longer considered planets). The name originates from the 8th century Anglo-Saxon word erda , which means ground or soil and was first used in writing as the name of the sphere of the Earth perhaps around 1300. [52] [53] It is the only planet whose name in English is not derived from Greco-Roman mythology. Many of the Romance languages retain the old Roman word terra (or some variation of it) that was used with the meaning of "dry land" (as opposed to "sea"). [54] However, the non-Romance languages use their own respective native words. The Greeks retain their original name, G? (Ge or Yi ); the Germanic languages, including English, use a variation of an ancient Germanic word ertho , "ground," as can be seen in the English Earth , the German Erde, the Dutch Aarde , and the Scandinavian Jorde.

Non-European cultures use other planetary naming systems. India uses a naming system based on the Navagraha, which incorporates the seven traditional planets (Surya for the Sun, Chandra for the Moon, and Budha, Shukra, Mangala,


  • Extraterrestrial skies
  • Hypothetical planetary object
  • Landings on other planets
  • List of planet-satellite systems
  • Planetary habitability
  • Planetary science
  • Exoplanetology
  • Theoretical planetology
  • Planets in astrology
  • Planets in science fiction

Notes

  1. {{#ifeq:none  This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations; a formal definition agreed by the Union in 2006, and an informal working definition established by the Union in 2003. The 2006 definition, while official, applies only to the Solar System, while the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars. The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference.
  2. {{#ifeq:none  Referred to by Huygens as a Planetes novus ("new planet") in his
  3. {{#ifeq:none  Both labelled nouvelles planètes (new planets) by Cassini in his
  4. {{#ifeq:none  Both once referred to as "planets" by Cassini in his . The term "satellite", however, had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ("primary planets").
  5. {{#ifeq:none  Recently reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
  6. {{#ifeq:none  Regarded as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until redesignated as a trans-Neptunian dwarf planet in August 2006.


References

  1. IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes
  2. Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union
  3. Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog
  4. H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', ninth edition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940).
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  6. The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods
  7. Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan
  8. The Copernican Revolution
  9. A History of Horoscopic Astrology
  10. Astrological reports to Assyrian kings
  11. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part One. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa
  12. Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF)
  13. ''Cosmographia'', Antwerp, 1539 "Celestial Orbs in the Latin Middle Ages", Isis, Vol. 78, No. 2. (Jun., 1987), pp. 152-173.
  14. Greek philosophy: Thales to Plato
  15. planet, n.
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  17. Ptolemy's Almagest
  18. ''A Discovery of two'' New Planets ''about'' Saturn, ''made in the Royal Parisian Observatory by Signor'' Cassini, ''Fellow of both the Royal Societys, of'' England ''and'' France; ''English't out of French.''
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  20. Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems
  21. On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system
  22. The History of the Solar System
  23. The Kuiper Belt
  24. A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257+12
  25. A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star
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  27. Observations of Brown Dwarfs
  28. (134340) Pluto, (136199) Eris, and (136199) Eris I (Dysnomia)
  29. Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union
  30. A Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets
  31. Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
  32. Gravity Rules: The Nature and Meaning of Planethood
  33. IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU resolution votes
  34. Planets plan boosts tally 12
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  36. What is a Planet
  37. Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt
  38. Pluto Demoted: No Longer a Planet in Highly Controversial Definition
  39. Pluto: Down But Maybe Not Out
  40. Scientist who found '10th planet' discusses downgrading of Pluto
  41. The Planet Hygea
  42. When did asteroids become minor planets?
  43. The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
  44. The Days of the Week
  45. Martian Metamorphoses: The Planet Mars in Ancient Myth and Tradition
  46. Greek Mythography in the Roman World
  47. Astra Planeta
  48. Appendix 5: Planetary Linguistics
  49. The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week
  50. Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week
  51. Copernican System
  52. earth, n.
  53. Earth
  54. Etymology of "terrain"
  55. Formation of the Terrestrial Planets
  56. Enhanced Collisional Growth of a Protoplanet that has an Atmosphere
  57. The Evolution of Dust in the Terrestrial Planet Region of Circumstellar Disks Around Young Stars
  58. Halting Planet Migration by Photoevaporation from the Central Source
  59. Terrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth
  60. The Earth's core formation due to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability
  61. Earth's early atmosphere
  62. Lifeless Suns Dominated The Early Universe
  63. Behind the Pluto Mission: An Interview with Project Leader Alan Stern
  64. The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page)
  65. Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog
  66. Scientists reveal smallest extra-solar planet yet found
  67. Fourteen Times the Earth
  68. Trio of Neptunes
  69. Star: Gliese 876
  70. Small Planet Discovered Orbiting Small Star
  71. Discovery of a Cool Planet of 5.5 Earth Masses Through Gravitational Microlensing
  72. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM7G6XPXPF_index_0.html
  73. Gliese 581 d
  74. New 'super-Earth' found in space
  75. The Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581
  76. Atmospheric escape from hot Jupiters
  77. Future American and European Planet Finding Missions
  78. NASA's Spitzer First To Crack Open Light of Faraway Worlds
  79. A spectrum of an extrasolar planet
  80. The Drake Equation Revisited
  81. Timescales for Planetary Accretion and the Structure of the Protoplanetary disk
  82. Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk
  83. The Wide Brown Dwarf Binary Oph 1622-2405 and Discovery of A Wide, Low Mass Binary in Ophiuchus (Oph 1623-2402): A New Class of Young Evaporating Wide Binaries?
  84. Ophiuchus 1622-2405: Not a Planetary-Mass Binary
  85. Likely First Photo of Planet Beyond the Solar System
  86. WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit
  87. Manual of Astronomy: A Text Book
  88. Chaos And Stability in Planetary Systems
  89. Eccentricity evolution of giant planet orbits due to circumstellar disk torques
  90. Planets – Kuiper Belt Objects
  91. Celestial Mechanics
  92. A Correlation between Inclination and Color in the Classical Kuiper Belt
  93. Weather, Weather, Everywhere?
  94. Obliquity Tides on Hot Jupiters
  95. Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements
  96. Uranus and Neptune
  97. The Outer Worlds; Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Beyond
  98. Planet tables
  99. Magnetically-Driven Planetary Radio Emissions and Application to Extrasolar Planets
  100. The Total Number of Giant Planets in Debris Disks with Central Clearings
  101. The Dwarf Planets
  102. Planetary Interiors
  103. Jupiter and Saturn
  104. Comparative model of Uranus and Neptune
  105. An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness
  106. Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics
  107. Hunten D. M., Shemansky D. E., Morgan T. H. (1988), ''The Mercury atmosphere'', In: Mercury (A89-43751 19–91). University of Arizona Press, pp. 562–612
  108. A map of the day-night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b
  109. Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere
  110. The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b
  111. The phase-dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet Andromeda b
  112. Encyclopedia of the Solar System
  113. Magnetic planet
  114. On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan
  115. Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia-water ocean inside Titan
  116. Bacterial explanation for Europa's rosy glow
  117. On the Formation of Planetary Rings
  118. The Solar System
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