thumb
of 1885-90. The subtypes of the Mongoloid race are shown in yellow and orange tones, those of the Europid race in light and medium grayish spring green-cyan tones and those of the Negroid race in brown and olive green tones (in those days, the Dravidians were generally considered to be Negroid.). The Mongoloid race sees the widest geographic distribution, including all of the Americas, East Asia and Central Asia,Southeast Asia , the entire inhabited Arctic.300px in his 1939 The Races of Europe
classified the populations of Central Asia and of the Eurasian Arctic as Caucasian rather than Mongoloid (see also Turanid).
The term "Mongoloid
" (or Oriental
, also Mongolic
[1]) is a racial category used to describe people of East Asia and Southeast Asian origin. Its use originated from a variation of the word "Mongol", a people who are considered one of the main proto-populations for the race. The classification is primarily useful when studying human prehistory, and in forensic analysis of human remains, in which "Mongoloid" denotes a particular racial skull type.
It is one of the three "great races", each of which were subdivided into various racial subtypes. The other two being Europid and Negroid.
|
THE MONGOLOIDS TICKETS
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Populations included
The term comes from the
Mongol people of East Asia, who had a reputation in Europe for ruthless expansionism and massacre of enemy populations under the
Mongol Empire, lending a negative connotation to the word. The first usage of the term "Mongolian race" was by
Christoph Meiners in a "binary racial scheme"
[7] Later,
Thomas Huxley used the term "Mongoloid" and included American Indians as well as Arctic Native Americans.
[8] Other nomenclatures were proposed, such as "
Mesochroi
" (middle color),
[9] but "Mongoloid" was widely adopted.
In the 20th century,
Carleton S. Coon used the term and included Pacific Islanders.
[10] In 1983, Futuyma claimed that the inclusion of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders under the Mongoloid race was not recognized by "many anthropologists" who consider them "distinct races".
[11] For example, in 1984, Roger J. Lederer Professor of Biological Sciences
[12] separately listed the "Mongoloid" race from Pacific islanders and American Indians when he enumerated the "geographical variants of the same species known as races... we recognize several races Eskimos, American Indians, Mongoloid... Polynesian"
[13].
Subraces
right from Nepal in
Raffles City, Singapore
Bhavan identifies
Northeast India Mongoloids to be a subrace called the "
Paleo-Mongoloid
", being the "
dominant element in the tribes living in Assam and the Indo-Burmese frontiers... Sikkim, Mizoram, Bhutan, Nepal... [and] Tibetan mongoloids
"
[14]
In 1900, Joseph Deniker said, the "
Mongol race admits two varieties or subraces: Tunguse or Northern Mongolian... and Southern Mongolian
"
are considered Southern Mongoloids even though they live in East Asia.
are dentition patterns that correspond to the Northern Mongoloid vs. Southern Mongoloid distinction.
History of the concept
right,
China.
In 1865, Thomas Huxley presented the views of polygenesists of which Huxley was not as "
some imagine their assumed species of mankind were created where we find them... the Mongolians from the Orangs.
"
[17]
In 1897, WEB DuBois, sociologist and historian, said, "''[t]he final word of science, so far, is that we have at least two perhaps three, great families of human beings -- the whites and Negroes, possibly the yellow race
[18]
In 1972, Carleton Coon claimed, "
[f]rom a hyborean [sic] group there evolved, in northern Asia, the ancestral strain of the entire specialized mongoloid family.
"
[19] In 1962, Coon believed that the Mongoloid "
subspecies
" existed "
during most of the Pleistocene, from 500,000 to 10,000 years ago
".
Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari characterize "
his [Carleton Coon's] contention [as being] that the Mongoloid race crossed the "sapiens threshold" first and thereby evolved the furthest
".
[21]
M.K Bhasin's review article (referencing Mourant 1983) suggests that "The
Caucasoids and the Mongoloids almost certainly
became differentiated from one another
somewhere in Asia" and that "Another differentiation, which
probably took place in Asia, is that of the
Australoids, perhaps from a common type before
the separation of the Mongoloids."
[22]
Dr. T. Tirado claims that "
many experts
" consider American Indians and East Asians to be descended from a "
Proto-Mongoloid
" population which existed as late as 12,000 years ago.
[23]
See also:
Models of migration to the New World
Futuyma believes the Mongoloid race "
diverged 41,000 years ago
" from a Mongoloid and Caucasoid group which diverged from Negroids "
110,000 years ago
".
Peter Brown (1999) evaluates three sites with early East Asian
modern human skeletal remains (Liujiang,
Liuzhou,
Guangxi, China;
Zhoukoudian's Upper Cave; and Minatogawa in
Okinawa) dated to between 10,175 to 33,200 years ago, and finds lack of support for the conventional designation of skeletons from this period as "
Proto-Mongoloid
"; this would make
Neolithic sites 5500 to 7000 years ago (e.g.
Banpo) the oldest known Mongoloid remains in East Asia, younger than some in the Americas. He concludes that the origin of the Mongoloid
phenotype remains unknown, and could even lie in the New World.
[24]
A 2006 study of
linkage disequilibrium finds that northern populations in East Asia started to expand in number between 34 and 22 thousand years ago (
KYA), before the
last glacial maximum at 21–18 KYA, while southern populations
started to expand between 18 and 12 KYA, but then grew faster, and suggests that the northern populations expanded earlier because they could exploit the abundant
megafauna of the ‘‘
Mammoth Steppe,’’ while the southern populations could increase in number only when a warmer and more stable climate led to more plentiful plant resources such as
tubers.
[25]
Features
300px
Forensic anthropologist Caroline Wilkenson says Mongoloids feature "
absent browridges
"
[33]
"
[D]ecrease unnecessary muscle bulk, less tooth mass, thinner bones and smaller physical size;"
Mongoloid subjects were found to have approximately 20% higher bone density at the angle of mandible than Caucasoid subjects.''"
[34]
The
Mongolian spot is found frequently in East Asians and Turks. It is also extremely prevalent among East Africans, Polynesians, and Native Americans.
Proto-Mongoloids
The physical features of the "
Proto-Mongoloid
" were characterized as, "
a straight-haired type, medium in complexion, jaw protrusion, nose-breadth, and inclining probably to round-headedness
".
[35] Kanzo Umehara considers the
Ainu and
Ryukyuans to have "
preserved their proto-Mongoloid traits
".
[36]
Criticism
Geneticist
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a genetic division between
East and
Southeast Asians.
[37] In a like manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a physical difference between these two populations.
[38] Other geneticists have found evidence for three separate populations, carrying distinct sets of non-recombining
Y chromosome lineages, within the traditional Mongoloid category: North Asians, Han Chinese/Southeast Asians, and Japanese.
[39] The complexity of genetic data have led to doubt about the usefulness of the concept of a Mongoloid race itself, since distinctive East Asian features may represent separate lineages and arise from environmental adaptations or retention of common proto-Eurasian ancestral characteristics.
[40]
The concept originated with a now disputed typological method of racial classification,
[41] [42]. All the
-oid
racial terms (e.g. Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, etc.) are now often controversial in both technical and non-technical contexts and may sometimes give offense no matter how they are used.
[43] This is especially true of "Mongoloid" because it has also been used as a synonym for persons with
Down Syndrome, and in
English as a generic insult meaning "idiot".
[44] A shortened version of the term, "mong" or "mongo", is also used in the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland. these insults have become common and the majority who use them will have no idea of their racist connotations or connection to the word "mongol". Contrary to popular beliefs, Mongoloid refers to diverse ethnical groups, and not of a homogeneous group.
Since people with
Down syndrome may have
epicanthic folds, the condition was widely called "Mongol" or "Mongoloid Idiocy"
[45] John Langdon Down, for whom the syndrome was named, claimed in his book
Observations on the Ethnic Classification of Idiots
(1866), that the Mongol-like features represented an evolutionary
degeneration when manifested in
Caucasoids. The use of the term "Mongoloid" for racial purposes has therefore acquired negative connotations because of the connection with Down syndrome.
See also
- Asian people
- Craniofacial anthropometry
- Eurasian (mixed ancestry)
References
- For a contrast with the "Europoid" or Caucasian race, see footnote #4 of page 58-59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691135892.
- Painter, Nell Irvin. Yale University. "Why White People are Called Caucasian?" 2003. September 27, 2007. [1]
- Blumenbach, Johann. The Anthropological Treatise of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. London: Longman Green, 1865.
- Deniker, Joseph. The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography
C. Scribner's Sons: New York, 1900. ISBN 0836959329
- End of Racism by Dinesh D'Souza, pg 124
- The Inequality of Human Races
- DiPiero, Thomas. White Men Aren't
Duke University Press, 2002. ISBN 0822329611
- Huxley, Thomas, On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006.
- James Dallas, "On the Primary Divisions and Geographical Distributions of Mankind", 1886 ''Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland'', p.204-10. James describes this as "equivalent to Professor Huxley's Mongoloid division" and as encompassing "Mongols and American Indians"
- Jim Bindon, University of Alabama, Post WW2 notions about Human Variation
- Futuyma, Douglas A. Evolutionary Biology. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 1983. p. 520
- California State University, Chico. "University Catalog." September 28, 2007. 2003.[1]
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- Bellwood, Peter. Pre-History of the Indo-malaysian Archipelago. Australian National University:1985. ISBN 9781921313110
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- Bernasconi, Robert. Race Blackwell Publishing: Boston, 2001. ISBN 063120783X
- Coon, Carleton S. The Races of Europe. Greenwood: USA, 1972 ISBN 0837163285 p.2
- Coon, Carleton S. The Origin of the Races. Knopf: Michigan, 1962. ISBN 0394301420
- Race and Human Evolution: A Fatal Attraction
- Genetics of Caste and Tribes of India: Indian Population Milieu
- Tirado, T. Millersville University. "When Worlds Collide." 2007. September 27, 2007. [1]
- "The First Modern East Asians? another Look at Upper Cave 101, Liujiang, and Minatogawa
- Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times
- Wilkenson, Caroline. Forensic Facial Reconstruction. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 0521820030
- Quigley, Christine. Skulls and Skeletons: Human Bone Collections and Accumulations. McFarland: USA, 2001. ISBN 078641068X, 9780786410682 p.16
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ISBN 0897891678
- Moxon, Steve. The Eternal Child: An Explosive New Theory of Human Origins and Behaviour by Clive Bromhall
Ebury Press, 2003.
- Grossinger, Richard. Embryogenesis. Published by North Atlantic Books, 2000
ISBN 155643359X
- Carnby. Carnby’s Physical Anthropology Website. Distribution of Bodily Characters. 2008. Accessed August 11, 2008.
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Real Eve. Published by Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003
ISBN 0786711922
- Ong. R.G. Evaluation of bone density in the mandibles of young Australian adults of Mongoloid and Caucasoid descent. PubMed. 1999. Accessed September 10, 2008.
- Worthington, Elsie. North American Indian Life: Customs and Traditions of 23 Tribes University of Nebraska Press: USA, 1967. ISBN 0-48627-377-6 p. 7
- Sleeboom, Margaret. Academic Nations in China and Japan. Routledge: UK, 2004. ISBN 0-41531-545-X p.56
- The Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza
- http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdf
The Rise of Agricultur
- TAJIMA Atsushi, PAN I.-Hung, FUCHAROEN Goonnapa, FUCHAROEN Supan, MATSUO Masafumi, TOKUNAGA Katsushi, JUJI Takeo, HAYAMI Masanori, OMOTO Keiichi, HORAI Satoshi, "Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia," ''Human Genetics'' 2002, vol. 110, no1, pp. 80-88
- Encyclopedia Britannica, Mongoloid
- O'Neil, Dennis. Palomar College. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. [1]
- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective by George W.
- American Heritage Book of English Usage. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1996. .
- Down Syndrome Was Not Discovered By Dr. Down
- Ward, Connor O. John Langson Down the man and the message. 2006. August 26, 2006