Jane Eyre
() is a famous and influential novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published in London, England in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. with the title Jane Eyre. An Autobiography
under the pen name "Currer Bell".
(Harper & Brothers of New York came out with the American edition in 1848.)
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Plot introduction
Jane Eyre
is a first-person narrative of the title character, a small, plain-faced, intelligent and honest English orphan. The novel goes through five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead, where she is abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she acquires friends and role models but also suffers
privations; her time as the
governess of Thornfield Manor, where she falls in love with her
Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marsh's End (or Moor House) and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester at his house of Ferndean. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with
social criticism and sinister
gothic elements.
Jane Eyre
is divided into 38 chapters; most editions are at least 400 pages long (although the preface and introduction on certain copies are liable to take up another 100). The original was published in three volumes, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 26, and 27 to 38.
Brontë dedicated the novel's second edition to
William Makepeace Thackeray.
Plot summary
Chapters 1-4: Jane's childhood at Gateshead
The novel begins in Gateshead Hall, where a nine year old orphan named
Jane Eyre is living with her uncle's family. The uncle, surnamed Reed, dies shortly after adopting Jane. His wife, Mrs. Sarah Reed, and her three children (John, Eliza and Georgiana) neglect and abuse Jane. They dislike Jane's plain looks and quiet yet passionate character. The novel begins with young John Reed bullying Jane, who retaliates, with unwonted violence. Jane is blamed for the ensuing fight, and Mrs. Reed has two servants drag her off and lock her up in the "Red Room", the unused chamber in which Mr. Reed died. Still locked in that night, Jane sees a light and panics, thinking that her uncle's ghost has come. Her scream rouses the house, but Mrs. Reed just locks her up for a longer period of time. Then Jane has a fit and passes out. An apothecary, Mr. Lloyd, comes to Gateshead Hall and suggests that Jane goes to school.
Chapters 5-10: Jane's education at Lowood School
Mr. Brocklehurst is a self-righteous and highly hypocritical clergyman who runs a charity school called Lowood Institution. He accepts Jane as a pupil in his school, but Jane is devastated when Mrs. Reed asks him to warn the teachers that she has a tendency to deceit. After Brocklehurst departs, Jane bluntly tells Mrs. Reed how she hates the Reed family. Mrs. Reed, so shocked that she is scarcely capable of responding, leaves the drawing room in haste.
Jane initially finds life at Lowood grim. Miss Maria Temple, is just and kind, but another teacher, Miss Scatcherd, is sour and abusive. Mr. Brocklehurst, visiting the school for an inspection, has Jane placed on a tall stool before the entire assemblage after dropping and breaking a slate. He then tells them that "...this girl, this child, the native of a Christian land, worse than many a little heathen who says its prayers to Brahma and kneels before Juggernaut—this girl is—a liar!"
Later that day, Miss Temple allows Jane to speak in her own defence. After Jane does so, Miss Temple writes to Mr. Lloyd. His reply agrees with Jane's, and she is publicly cleared of Mr. Brocklehurst's accusation.
Although his family leads a luxurious lifestyle, Mr. Brocklehurst hypocritically preaches to others a doctrine of privation and poverty. As a result, Lowood's eighty pupils must make do with cold rooms, poor meals and thin garments whilst his family lives in comfort. The majority become sick from a typhus epidemic that strikes the school.
Jane is impressed with one pupil, Helen Burns, who accepts Miss Scatcherd's cruelty and the school's deficiencies with passive dignity, practising the Christian teaching of turning the other cheek. Jane admires and loves the gentle Helen and they become good friends, but Jane cannot bring herself to emulate her friend's behaviour. While the typhus epidemic is raging, Helen dies of consumption (tuberculosis) in Jane's arms.
Many die in the typhus epidemic, and Mr. Brocklehurst's neglect and dishonesty are laid bare. Several rich and kindly people donate to put up a new school building in a more healthful location. New rules are made, and improvements in diet and clothing are introduced. Though Mr. Brocklehurst cannot be overlooked, due to his wealth and family connections, new people are brought in to share his duties of treasurer and inspector, and conditions at the school improve dramatically.
Chapters 11-26: Jane's time as governess at Thornfield Manor
The narrative resumes eight years later. Jane has been a teacher at Lowood for two years, but she thirsts for a better and brighter future. She advertises as a governess and is hired by Mrs. Alice Fairfax, housekeeper of the Gothic manor Thornfield, to teach a rather spoiled but amiable little French girl named Adèle Varens. A few months after her arrival at Thornfield, Jane goes for a walk and aids a horseman who has sprained his ankle when his horse slipped on a patch of ice. She helps him back on the horse and he inquires as to her place of residence without revealing his own identity. On her return to Thornfield, Jane discovers that the horseman is her employer, Mr. Edward Rochester, a moody yet wonderful, passionate, Byronic, and charismatic gentleman nearly twenty years older than she. Adèle is his ward from a previous romantic relationship with a French "opera dancer". Mr. Rochester took her in, after her mother died, but is completely aware that Adele is not his daughter, because Céline Varens had many affairs.
Rochester seems quite taken with Jane. He repeatedly summons her to his presence and talks with her. Jane is happy at Thornfield, but there are soon events to tarnish her new happiness: a strange laugh in the halls, a near fatal fire from which she has to save the master of the house, an attack upon a houseguest: Mr Richard Mason.
One night Jane has a
presentiment and the next day receives word that Mrs. Reed, upon hearing of her son John's apparent suicide after leading a life of dissipation and debt, has suffered a near-fatal stroke and is asking for her. Jane returns to Gateshead and remains there for over a month while a frequently incoherent Mrs. Reed lies dying in bed. Although she rejects Jane's efforts at reconciliation, Mrs. Reed gives Jane a letter that she had previously withheld out of spite. The letter is from Jane's father's brother, John Eyre, notifying her of his intent to leave her his fortune upon his death.
About a fortnight after Jane's return to Thornfield, Jane, after months of concealing her emotions, vehemently proclaims her love for Edward, who in turn passionately proposes to her. Following a month of courtship, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange, savage-looking woman sneaks into her room one night and rips her wedding veil in two. As with the previous mysterious events, Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, who is employed at Thornfield.
The wedding goes ahead nevertheless. But during the ceremony in the church, the mysterious Mr. Mason and a lawyer step forth and declare that Rochester cannot marry Jane because his own wife is still alive. Rochester bitterly and sarcastically admits this fact, explaining that his wife is a violent madwoman whom he keeps imprisoned in the attic, where Grace Poole looks after her. But Grace Poole imbibes gin immoderately, occasionally giving the madwoman an opportunity to escape. It is Rochester's mad wife who is responsible for the strange events at Thornfield. Rochester nearly committed bigamy, and kept this fact from Jane. The wedding is cancelled, and Jane is heartbroken.
Rochester then asks Jane to accompany him to the south of France, where they will live as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married. But though she still loves him, Jane refuses to betray the God-given morals and principles she has always believed in. Although she loves Rochester more than anything else, she cannot abandon her morals, and chooses to leave in the middle of the night.
Chapters 27-35: Jane's time with the Rivers
In the dead of night, she slips out of Thornfield and takes a coach far away to the north of England. When her money gives out, she sleeps outdoors on the moor and reluctantly begs for food. One night, freezing and starving, she comes to Moor House (or Marsh End) and begs for help. St. John Rivers, the young clergyman who lives in the house, admits her after his servant, Hannah, refuses to allow her into the house. There she is cared for by the sisters of St. John, Diana and Mary, who are only too happy to nurse her back to health. They are, in fact, more warm towards her than St. John, who is wary of the stranger in his home.
Jane, who gives the false surname of Elliott, quickly recovers. St. John arranges for Jane to teach a charity school for girls in the village of Morton.
When St. John becomes more comfortable around Jane, and once she recovers from her illness, the two take a walk and come across Rosamond Oliver, who talks with them for a while. Later, when Jane tries to confront him about his feelings for Ms. Oliver, St.John confesses he is indeed in love, but doubts of asking her hand in marriage as he feels she deserves better than the life of religion he is planning.
John's show of emotion contrasts here to his usual frosty facade, as he thinks about what should be done and what he feels would work better. He doesn't follow his heart, however, which is a contrast with Jane who always follows her feelings.
Suspecting Jane's true identity, St. John relates Jane's experiences at Thornfield to Jane and advises her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his fortune of 20,000 pounds. Jane confesses her true identity to St.John but then queries how St.John received information of her inheritance. St.John reveals that his uncle, who denied the Rivers children a share of his inheritance is in fact also Jane's uncle. St.John, his sisters and Jane are cousins. Jane, overwhelmed at the prospect of such riches and adamant the situation is unjust, arranges to share her inheritance with the Rivers.
St. John intends to travel to India to devote his life to missionary work. He asks Jane to accompany him as his wife. Jane consents to go to India but refuses to marry him as they are not in love. St. John continues to pressure Jane to marry him, and his forceful personality causes her to eventually capitulate. But at that moment she hears what she thinks is Rochester's voice calling her name, and this breaks her out of St. John's influence for a moment. The next morning, she goes to Thornfield to find out about Mr. Rochester's well-being, as her last wish before she departs forever to India with St. John.
Chapters 36-38: Jane's reunion with Mr. Rochester
The next day, Jane takes a coach to Thornfield. But only blackened ruins lie where the manorhouse once stood, matching an earlier premonition she had of the estate in a dream. An innkeeper tells Jane that Rochester's mad wife set the house alight and then committed suicide by jumping from the roof. Rochester rescued the servants from the burning mansion but lost a hand and his eyesight in the process of attempting to save his wife. He now lives in an isolated manor house called Ferndean. Going to Ferndean, Jane reunites with Rochester. At first he fears that she will refuse to marry a blind cripple and Jane fears he will no longer want marriage but when both reveal their feelings and Mr Rochester again proposes, Jane accepts him without hesitation.
Rochester eventually recovers sight in one eye, and can see their first-born son when the baby is born.
Characters
- Jane Eyre
: The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, empathetic, hard-working, honest (not to say blunt), and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance.
- Mr. Reed:
Jane's maternal uncle. He adopts Jane when her parents die. Before his own death, he makes his wife promise to care for Jane.
- Mrs. Sarah Reed:
Jane's aunt by marriage, who resides at Gateshead. Because her husband insists, Mrs. Reed adopts Jane. Jane, however, receives nothing but neglect and abuse at her hands. At the age of ten, Jane is sent away to a charity school. Years later, Jane attempts to reconcile with her aunt, but Mrs. Reed spurns her, still resenting that her husband loved Jane more than his own children and that Jane had stood up to her and called her heartless shortly before being sent away to school. Shortly afterward, Mrs. Reed dies of a stroke.
- John Reed:
Mrs. Reed's son, and Jane's cousin. He is Mrs. Reed's "own darling," though he bullies Jane constantly, sometimes in his mother's presence. His mother dotes on him, but he treats her condescendingly. He goes to college, ruining himself and Gateshead through gambling. Word comes of his death by suicide.
- Eliza Reed:
Mrs. Reed's elder daughter, and Jane's cousin. Bitter because she is not as attractive as her sister, Georgiana Reed, she devotes herself self-righteously to Catholicism. After her mother's death, she enters a French convent, where she eventually becomes the Mother Superior.
- Georgiana Reed:
Mrs. Reed's younger daughter, and Jane's cousin. Though spiteful and insolent, she is indulged by everyone at Gateshead because of her beauty. In London, Lord Edwin Vere falls in love with her, but his relations are against their marriage. Lord Vere and Georgiana decide to elope, but Eliza finds them out. Georgiana returns to Gateshead, where she grows plump and vapid, spending most of her time talking of her love affair. After Mrs. Reed's death, she marries a wealthy but worn-out society man.
- Bessie Lee:
The plain-spoken nursemaid at Gateshead. She sometimes treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs. Later she marries Robert Leaven.
- Robert Leaven:
The coachman at Gateshead, who sometimes gives Jane a ride on Georgiana's bay pony. Months after she goes to Thornfield Hall, he brings her the news of John Reed's death, which had brought on Mrs. Reed's stroke.
- Mr. Lloyd:
A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school. Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clearing Jane of Mrs. Reed's charge of lying.
- Mr. Brocklehurst:
The clergyman who serves as headmaster and treasurer of Lowood School. His family leads an opulent lifestyle. At the same time, he preaches a doctrine of Christian austerity and self-sacrifice to everyone in hearing. When his dishonesty is brought to light, he is made to share his office of inspector and treasurer with more kindly people, who greatly improve the school.
- Miss Maria Temple:
The kind, attractive young superintendent of Lowood School. She recognizes Mr. Brocklehurst for the hypocritical man he is, and she treats Jane and Helen with respect and compassion. She helps clear Jane of Mr. Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit.
- Miss Scatcherd:
A sour and vicious teacher at Lowood. She behaves with particular cruelty toward Helen, using her as a scapegoat for anything and everything.
- Helen Burns:
An angelic fellow-student and best friend of Jane's at Lowood School. Several years older than the ten-year-old Jane, she stoically accepts all the cruelties of the teachers and the deficiencies of the school's room and board. She refuses to hate the tyrannical Mr. Brocklehurst or the vicious Miss Scatcherd, or to complain, believing in the New Testament teaching that one should love one's enemies and turn the other cheek. Jane reveres her for her profound Christianity, even though she herself believes that returning hate for hate is necessary to prevent evil from taking over. Helen, uncomplaining as ever, dies of consumption in Jane's arms. In the book it is noted that she was buried in an unmarked grave until some years later, when a marble gravestone with her name and the word 'Resurgam' inscribed on it appears. The possible inference is that this was provided by Jane.
- Edward Fairfax Rochester:
The owner of Thornfield Manor, and Jane's lover and eventual husband. He possesses a strong physique and great wealth, but his face is very plain and his moods prone to frequent change. Impetuous and sensual, he falls madly in love with Jane because her simplicity, bluntness, intellectual capacity and plainness contrast so much with those of the shallow society women to whom he is accustomed. But his unfortunate marriage to the maniacal Bertha Mason postpones his union with Jane, and he loses a hand and his eyesight while trying to rescue his mad wife after she sets a fire that burns down Thornfield. He is a Byronic hero.
- Bertha Mason:
The violently insane secret wife of Edward Rochester. From the West Indies and of Creole extraction, her family possesses a strong strain of madness, of which Rochester did not know until, lured by her wealth and beauty, he had married her. Her insanity manifests itself in a few years, and Rochester resorts to imprisoning her in the attic of Thornfield Manor. She escapes four times during the novel and wreaks havoc in the house, the fourth time actually burning it down and taking her own life in the process.
- Adèle Varens:
A naive, vivacious and rather spoiled French child to whom Jane is governess at Thornfield. She is Rochester's ward because her mother, Céline Varens, an opportunistic French opera singer and dancer, was Rochester's mistress. Rochester does not believe himself to be Adèle's father: Céline had other lovers, and as Rochester puts it, "Pilot {his dog} is more like me" than Adèle. Although not particularly fond of her, he nonetheless extends the little girl the best of care. In time, she grows up to be a very pleasant and well-mannered young woman.
- Mrs. Alice Fairfax:
An elderly widow and housekeeper of Thornfield Manor. She treats Jane kindly and respectfully, but disapproves of her engagement to Mr Rochester.
- Blanche Ingram:
A beautiful but self-absorbed, cruel and shallow socialite whom Mr. Rochester appears to court in order to make Jane jealous. Blanche despises the rather dowdy protagonist because she is a governess. Later Jane discovers Blanche Ingram did not love Mr. Rochester but rather his fortune.
- Richard Mason:
A strangely blank-eyed but handsome Englishman from the West Indies, he stops Jane and Rochester's wedding with the proclamation that Rochester is still married to Bertha Mason, his sister.
- St. John Eyre Rivers:
A clergyman who is Jane Eyre's cousin on her father's side. He is a devout, almost fanatical Christian of Calvinistic leanings. He is charitable, honest, patient, forgiving, scrupulous, austere and deeply moral; with these qualities alone, he would have made a saint. But he is also proud, cold, exacting, controlling and unwilling to listen to dissenting opinions. He was in love with Rosamond Oliver, but did not propose to her because he felt that she would not make a "suitable" wife. Jane venerates him and likes him, regarding him as a brother, but she refuses to marry him because he doesn't love her and is incapable of real kindness.
- Diana and Mary Rivers:
St. John's sisters and Jane's cousins, they are kind and intellectual young women who contrive to lead an independent life while retaining their intelligence, purity and sense of meaning in life. Diana warns Jane against marrying her icy brother.
- Grace Poole:
Bertha Mason's keeper, a frumpish woman verging on middle age. She drinks gin immoderately, occasionally giving her maniacal charge a chance to escape. Rochester and Mrs. Fairfax attribute all of Bertha's misdeeds to her.
- Rosamond Oliver:
The rather shallow and coquettish, but beautiful and good-natured daughter of Morton's richest man. She donates the funds to launch the village school because she is in love with St. John. However, as St.John refuses to let himself love her, she in time becomes engaged to the wealthy Mr. Granby.
- John Eyre:
Jane's paternal uncle, who leaves her his vast fortune of 20,000 pounds. He never appears as a character. He is also St. John's Maternal Uncle and leaves him and his sisters 31 pounds and 10 shillings (i.e. 30 guineas) as a result. Jane divides her 20,000 pounds amongst the four of them (St. John, Mary, Diana and herself) leaving each with 5,000 pounds.
Themes
Morality
Jane refuses to become Rochester's paramour because of her "impassioned self-respect and moral conviction." She rejects St. John Rivers' Puritanism as much as Rochester's libertinism. Instead, she works out a morality expressed in love, independence, and forgiveness.
[1] Specifically, she forgives her cruel aunt and loves Rochester, but never surrenders her independence to him. He is blind, and thus more dependent on her than she on him.
Religion
Throughout the novel, Jane endeavours to attain an
equilibrium between moral duty and earthly happiness. She despises the hypocritical puritanism of Mr. Brocklehurst, and rejects St. John Rivers' cold devotion to his Christian duty, but neither can she bring herself to emulate Helen Burns' turning the other cheek, although she admires Helen for it. Ultimately, she rejects these three extremes and finds a middle ground in which religion serves to curb her immoderate passions but does not repress her true self.
Social class
Jane's ambiguous social position—a penniless yet learned
orphan from a good family—leads her to criticise discrimination based on class. Although she is educated, well-mannered, and relatively sophisticated, she is still a governess, a paid servant of low social standing, and therefore powerless. Nevertheless, Brontë possesses certain class prejudices herself, as is made clear when Jane has to remind herself that her unsophisticated village pupils at Morton "are of flesh and blood as good as the scions of gentlest genealogy."
Gender relations
A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane's efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Three of the main male characters, Brocklehurst, Rochester and St. John, try to keep Jane in a subordinate position and prevent her from expressing her own thoughts and feelings. Jane escapes Brocklehurst and rejects St. John, and she only marries Rochester once she is sure that their marriage is one between equals. Through Jane, Brontë refutes Victorian stereotypes about women, articulating her own feminist philosophy:
Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. (Chapter XII)
Disability
Recent scholarship has also begun to explore themes in the novel relating to disability, looking at the
madness of Bertha Mason Rochester, the blinding and maiming of Rochester,
[2] and the unusual affect of the heroine, Jane, perhaps suggestive of an
autism spectrum disorder like
Asperger syndrome.
[3]
Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh
boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences. Helen Burns's death from
tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at
Cowan Bridge, near
Tunstall, Lancashire. Mr. Brocklehurst is based on Rev. William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school, and Helen Burns is likely modelled on Charlotte's sister Maria. Additionally, John Reed's decline into
alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death. Finally, like Jane, Charlotte becomes a
governess. These facts were revealed to the public in
The Life of Charlotte Brontë
(1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist
Elizabeth Gaskell.
[4]
The Gothic manor of Thornfield was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near
Hathersage in the
Peak District. This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend
Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845 and is described by the latter in a letter dated
22 July 1845. It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room.
Literary motifs and allusions
Jane Eyre
uses many
motifs from
Gothic fiction, such as the Gothic manor (Thornfield), the
Byronic hero (Rochester and Jane herself) and
The Madwoman in the Attic (Bertha), whom Jane perceives as resembling "the foul German spectre—the
Vampyre" (Chapter XXV) and who attacks her own brother in a distinctly vampiric way: "She sucked the blood: she said she'd drain my heart" (Chapter XX). Also, besides
gothicism,
Jane Eyre
displays
romanticism to create a unique Victorian novel.
Literary
allusions from the Bible,
fairy tales,
The Pilgrim's Progress
,
Paradise Lost
, and the novels and poetry of
Sir Walter Scott are also much in evidence.
The novel deliberately avoids some conventions of
Victorian fiction, not contriving a deathbed reconciliation between Aunt Reed and Jane Eyre and avoiding the portrayal of a "fallen woman".
Adaptations
Jane Eyre
has engendered numerous adaptations and related works inspired by the novel:
Silent film versions
- Three adaptations entitled Jane Eyre
were released; one in 1910, two in 1914.
- 1915: Jane Eyre
starring Louise Vale.
- 1915: A version was released called The Castle of Thornfield
.
- 1918: A version was released called Woman and Wife
.
- 1921: Jane Eyre
starring Mabel Ballin.
- 1926: A version was made in Germany called Orphan of Lowood
.
Motion picture versions
- 1934: Jane Eyre
, starring Colin Clive and Virginia Bruce.
- 1940: Rebecca
, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based upon the novel of the same name which was influenced by Jane Eyre
.Joan Fontaine, who starred in this film, would also be cast in the 1944 version of Jane Eyre
to reinforce the connection.
- 1943: I Walked with a Zombie
is a horror movie loosely based upon Jane Eyre
.
- 1944: Jane Eyre
, with a screenplay by John Houseman and Aldous Huxley. It features Orson Welles as Rochester, Joan Fontaine as Jane, Margaret O'Brien as Adele and Elizabeth Taylor as Helen Burns.
- 1956: A version was made in Hong Kong called The Orphan Girl
.
- 1963: A version was released in Mexico called El Secreto
(English: "The Secret"
).
- 1970: Jane Eyre
, starring George C. Scott as Rochester and Susannah York as Jane.
- 1972: An adaptation in Telugu, Shanti Nilayam
, directed by C. Vaikuntarama Sastry, starring Anjali Devi.
- 1973: BBC miniseries starring Sorcha Cusack as Jane Eyre and Michael Jayston as Rochester
- 1978: A version was released in Mexico called Ardiente Secreto
(English: "Ardent Secret"
).
- 1983: BBC series starring Timothy Dalton as Rochester and Zelah Clarke as Jane.
- 1996: Jane Eyre
, directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring William Hurt as Rochester, Charlotte Gainsbourg as Jane, Elle Macpherson as Blanche Ingram, Joan Plowright as Mrs. Fairfax, Anna Paquin as the young Jane, Fiona Shaw as Mrs. Reed and Geraldine Chaplin as Miss Scatcherd.
- 1997: Directed by Robert Young, starring Ciaran Hinds as Rochester and Samantha Morton as Jane Eyre.
- 2006: A TV adaptation originally aired on the BBC on January 21, 2007 starring Ruth Wilson as Jane and Toby Stephens as Rochester. Shown in 4 parts.
- 2009: A new film starring Ellen Page in the title role. It will be produced by the BBC.
Musical versions
- A two-act ballet of Jane Eyre was created for the first time by the London Children's Ballet in 1994, with an original score by composer Julia Gomelskaya and choreography by Polyanna Buckingham. The run was a sell-out success.
- A musical version with a book by John Caird and music and lyrics by Paul Gordon, with Marla Schaffel as Jane and James Stacy Barbour as Rochester, opened at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on 10 December 2000. It closed on 10 June 2001.
- Jane Eyre
, opera in three acts, Op. 134 was composed by John Joubert in 1987–1997 to a libretto by Kenneth Birkin after the novel.
- An opera based on the novel was written in 2000 by English composer Michael Berkeley, with a libretto by David Malouf. It was given its premiere by Music Theatre Wales at the Cheltenham Festival.
- Jane Eyre was played for the first time in Europe in Beveren, Belgium. It was given its premiere at the cultural centre.
- The ballet "Jane," based on the book was created in 2007, a Bullard/Tye production with music by Max Reger. Its world premiere was scheduled at the Civic Auditorium, Kalamazoo, Michigan, June 29 and 30, performed by the Kalamazoo Ballet Company, Therese Bullard, Director.
- A musical production directed by Debby Race, book by Jana Smith and Wayne R. Scott, with a musical score by Jana Smith and Brad Roseborough, premiered in 2008 at the Lifehouse Theatre in Redlands, California [5]
Television versions
- 1952: This was a live television production presented by "Westinghouse Studio One (Summer Theatre)"
- Adaptations appeared on British and American television in 1956 and 1961.
- 1963:Jane Eyre
. It was produced by the BBC and starred Richard Leech as Rochester and Ann Bell as Jane.
- 1973: Jane Eyre
. It was produced by the BBC and starred Sorcha Cusack as Jane, Michael Jayston as Rochester, Juliet Waley as the child Jane, and Tina Heath as Helen Burns.
- 1978: Telenovela El Ardiente Secreto
(English The impassioned secret
) was an adaptation of this novel.
- 1982:
. A parody movie by SCTV starred Andrea Martin as Jane Eyrehead, Joe Flaherty as Edward Rochester (A parody of Eddie "Rochester" Anderson), also starting John Candy, Eugene Levy, and Martin Short in supporting roles.
- 1983: Jane Eyre
. It was produced by the BBC and starred Zelah Clarke as Jane, Timothy Dalton as Rochester, Sian Pattenden as the child Jane, and Colette Barker as Helen Burns.
- 1997: Jane Eyre
. It was produced by the A&E Network and starred Ciaran Hinds as Rochester and Samantha Morton as Jane.
- 2006: Jane Eyre
. It was produced by the BBC and starred Toby Stephens as Rochester, Ruth Wilson as Jane, and Georgie Henley as Young Jane.
Literature
- 1938: Rebecca
by Daphne du Maurier was partially inspired by Jane Eyre
.
- 1961: The Ivy Tree
by Mary Stewart adapts many of the motifs of Jane Eyre
to 1950s northern England. The main character, Annabel, falls in love with her older neighbor who is married to a mentally ill woman. Like Jane, Annabel runs away to try to get over her love. The novel begins when she returns from her eight-year exile.
- 1966: Wide Sargasso Sea
by Jean Rhys. The character, Bertha Mason, serves as the main protagonist for this novel which acts as a "prequel" to Jane Eyre
. It describes the meeting and marriage of Antoinette (later renamed Bertha by Rochester) and Rochester. In its reshaping of events related to Jane Eyre
, the novel suggests that Bertha's madness is the result of Rochester's rejection of her and her Creole heritage. It was also adapted into film twice.
- 1997: Mrs Rochester: A Sequel to Jane Eyre
by Hilary Bailey
- 2000: Adele: Jane Eyre's Hidden Story
by Emma Tennant
- 2000: Jane Rochester
by Kimberly A. Bennett, content explores the first years of the Rochester's marriage with gothic and explicit content. A fan favorite.
- 2001 novel The Eyre Affair
by Jasper Fforde revolves around the plot of Jane Eyre
. It portrays the book as originally largely free of literary contrivance: Jane and Rochester's first meeting is a simple conversation without the dramatic horse accident, and Jane does not hear his voice calling for her and ends up starting a new life in India. The title heroine's efforts mostly accidentally change it to the real version.
- 2002: Jenna Starborn
by Sharon Shinn, a science fiction novel based upon Jane Eyre
- 2006: The French Dancer's Bastard: The Story of Adele From Jane Eyre
by Emma Tennant. This is a slightly modified version of Tennant's 2000 novel.
- 2007: Thornfield Hall: Jane Eyre's Hidden Story
by Emma Tennant. This is another version of Jane Eyre
.
- The novelist Angela Carter was working on a sequel to Jane Eyre
at the time of her death in 1992. This was to have been the story of Jane's stepdaughter Adèle Varens and her mother Céline. Sadly, only a synopsis survives. [6]
References
- "Brontë, Charlotte." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 1987. p. 546.
- David Bolt, "The blindman in the classic: feminisms, ocularcentrism and Charlotte Brontë's ''Jane Eyre''," ''Textual Practice'' 22.2 (June 2008): 269-89.
- Julia Miele Rodas, “'On the Spectrum': Rereading Contact and Affect in ''Jane Eyre''," ''Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies'' 4.2 (Summer 2008): [1]
- Stevie Davies, Introduction and Notes to ''Jane Eyre''. Penguin Classics ed., 2006.
- Lifehouse Theatre presents Jane Eyre - accessed May 10, 2008
- http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2006/jan/29/theatre.angelacarter?gusrc=rss&feed=books