Stuff Happens is a play by David Hare, written in response to the Iraq War. Hare describes it as "a history play" that deals with recent history. The title is inspired by Donald Rumsfeld's response to widespread looting in Baghdad: "Stuff happens and it’s untidy, and freedom’s untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things.” (April 11, 2003) The play presents a mix of viewpoints, including arguments for and against the attack on Iraq, mixing verbatim re-creations of real speeches, meetings and press conferences and fictionalised versions of private meetings between members of the Bush and Blair administrations, and international figures such as Hans Blix and Dominique de Villepin. An ensemble cast plays over 40 roles during the 3 hour play, although the actors playing the principals—Bush, Rice, Powell—play only one role. Stuff Happens opened at the Royal National Theatre in London in September 2004, and has subsequently been performed at Los Angeles' Mark Taper Forum (with Keith Carradine and Julian Sands) in June 2005 and at Sydney's Seymour Center(with Rhys Muldoon and Greg Stone) in July 2005. In March 2006, it opened Off-Broadway at The Public Theater in New York City. The first academic production of the piece was produced at Western Washington University under the direction of Mark Kuntz in November 2007. The Canadian premiere was on March 4, 2008, at the Berkeley St. Theatre in Toronto produced by Studio 180 Theatre, directed by Joel Greenberg. [1]. The first non-English production, directed by Andrew S. Paul, of Pittsburgh, Pa, USA, opened at the Slaski Theatre, Katowice, Poland, on February 23, 2008.

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Contextual Information

David Hare’s Stuff Happens is a historical take on the events that led up to the Iraq War and transpired from George W. Bush’s election in 2000 to the beginnings of the Iraq War in 2003. The author himself admits that his dialogue is not “knowingly untrue” and that the behind close-door meetings, he had to “use his imagination” as to what was said. However, he stands by the fact that “what happened, happened” and admits his play is not a documentary but just that, a play ^[2]. Parts of the dialogue presented in the play are direct quotes from the real-life characters. These scenes are when characters publicly address the audience. This production was first performed in the Oliver Auditorium of the National Theatre in London, England on September 1, 2004. It is important to remember at this point, public opinion had yet to completely turn against Iraq and talk of withdrawal was not prominent. Documentaries that brought the true agenda of the Bush administration into the eyes of the public began to surface afterwards. For instance, the popular film Why we Fight was not released until 2005 ^[3].

Plot Synopsis

The play is divided into twenty-four scenes over two acts. Some of the scenes are very short and only consist of a few lines or one person giving a monologue, while others extend for several pages.

-Scenes 1-3: These scenes introduce the characters to the audience in a line as each step forward to introduce themselves in relation to their involvement during the Iraq war or by giving the audience some other information about themselves, such as their history. In these three scenes, An Actor (in this play the narrator) speaks to Donald Rumsfeld, Colin Powell, Dick Cheney, Condoleezza Rice, Paul Wolfowitz, Tony Blair, Kofi Annan, Hans Blix, and finally George W. Bush.

-Scene 4: This is the true start of the play, as far as a chronology of events go. An Actor introduces the audience to the first “real” scene as the new Cabinet sets to work on a foreign policy meeting. Rice leads the group through the meeting discussing Israel then moving on to Iraq. Here the George Tenet, Director of the CIA, reveals a photograph that could possibly indicate Iraq is transporting materials to make biological weapons, but cannot prove it by any means. The President decides they are weapons and wants more information.

-Scene 5: This scene is a monologue of a journalist from present day providing a pro-war/pro-Bush narrative.

-Scene 6: From this scene onward, the events take place fairly close to one another. It starts with the bombing of the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 and moves into the speeches that Bush delivered regarding America’s stand on terrorism and those that harbor them.

-Scene 7: This meeting returns to the President’s staff and a discussing regarding their actions in Afghanistan. However, the conversation quickly moves into Iraq as Wolfowitz and Rumsfeld express their concern over the stability and reliability of Saddam Hussein and his connection to terrorists. They convince Bush that it would be smarter to attack a country, not go cave searching for Bin Laden.

-Scene 8: Blair and Bush speak about a failed attempt on Bin Laden’s life that the US was a fault for indirectly accused the US military of sabotaging it. Bush ignores Blair and proceeds to ask Rumsfeld to lay out a strategy for Iraq.

-Scene 9: This is another monologue where a politician reflects on how the three men around Bush used him to achieve their own agenda.

-Scene 10: Tony Blair talks with Bush about the Middle East and says his government won’t support an invasion of Iraq without the backing of the UN. He also adds that there will need to be solid proof that Saddam has nuclear weapons and plans to use them against the West. He wants honest diplomacy between the US and the UN in the form of resolutions without talk of war.

-Scene 11: Bush and Powell have discussion with Rice where Powell expresses his concern that the war plan is happening too fast and by people who haven’t ever fought in a war. Powell gains momentum through the conversation, first by comparing the US to the Roman Empire in terms of how it’s begun to take unnecessary action against threats that may not exist. He then turns to the plans for an invasion and the lack of depth the plans have reached. There is no exit strategy, no plans for the stabilization of the region, and no way of supporting all the Iraqis when their government and social sector crumbles. He ends by stressing the need for a coalition through the UN in order to gain allies to help fight and provide aid for access into Iraq.

-Scene 12: This is the final scene of Act One which consists of a short staff meeting where Cheney pitches the idea of forcing the UN to deliver some type of pressure on Iraq for the violations they have committed against other UN agreements. It ends with a call to Hans Blix, who is in Antarctica, asking if he would be interested in a weapons inspection job. (Note: in newer versions, Act One ends with a cryptic encounter between Powell and Rice ^[4].

-Scene 13: This is a monologue from the point of view of a Palestinian. He links America’s involvement in the Middle East to the suffering of his people from Israel.

-Scene 14: Cheney, Rumsfeld, and Wolfowitz are in interviews where they link Iraq to 9/11 and haze over the definition of weapons of mass destruction and if Saddam actually has them or will get them soon. Meanwhile, Tony Blair just received an unconfirmed tip that Saddam may be able to deploy biological weapons in under one hour. Bush arrives at the UN and delivers his speech promising to work with the UN for the necessary resolutions.

-Scene 15: Colin Powell speaks with several diplomats from countries the US is trying to gather support. The allies will only give support if the US agrees to support two resolutions, one to disarm Iraq, the other to only be written for war if the first fails.

-Scene 16: Hans Blix, the weapons inspector, is briefed by the President and told to find the weapons. The first draft of the US resolution is rejected until Powell concedes and it’s passed stating nothing about war.

-Scene 17: Saddam release a 12,000 page report that virtually reveals nothing about possible WMD’s. Bush meets privately with Powell and tells him he’s made the decision to push for war.

-Scene 18: A British man in New York remarks about how America got much stupider after September 11.

-Scene 19: The French agree that they should not stand in the way of the US and its impending war. However, during a session with diplomats, France hardens its position and says it will never pass a resolution calling for such militant action.

-Scene 20: The Cabinet gathers together to discuss their next move. Cheney and Rumsfeld don’t want to go to the UN for another resolution. Rumsfeld puts down the UN and the need to gain international cooperation. Cheney points out that the US doesn’t need Blair as an ally anymore.

-Scene 21: Supporters and rallies spring up all over the world, calling for the inspections of Iraq to continue until weapons can be found or inspectors concede they are done.

-Scene 22: The second resolution allowing the use of force is proposed and the US struggles to gain support. After much back and forth, Britain finally sides with the US for a war against Iraq.

-Scene 23: The bombing of Iraq occurs and a quick timeline is presenting, dealing primarily with the statements of the Cabinet going back on their word. Wolfowitz admitted WMD’s were used as a bureaucratic reason, the reconstruction will actually cost the US billions, and Powell admits his information to the UN was not accurate. Many other issues come out revealing the President did not have as much information as the public thought. Lastly, Bush abandoned any road-map for Israel and allowed Israel to implement its own plan.

-Scene 24: An Iraqi exile comments about the war. He says that Saddam crucified Iraq for its sins. The people allowed such a bad person to come to power. It failed to take charge of itself and therefore, it got what it got.

Plot Analysis

By definition, plot refers to the deliberate selection and arrangement of the incidents that the playwright presents ^[5]. While reading Stuff Happens , it is very easy to follow the incidents the playwright intends to teach us about. This is possible because of several important elements incorporated in the play. These incidents follow a linear progression: 1. A state of equilibrium 2. An inciting incident 3. Point of attack of the major dramatic question 4. Rising action 5. Climax 6. Resolution 7. New state of equilibrium ^[6]. Stuff Happens is a play taken from the context of a real life incident so it follows this linear timeline. However, the playwright chooses to include dialogue and scenes that occur in the future, as far as the play is concerning, throughout the play. Most of the time, this is from the context of the narrator so it does not break the linear progression. The seven elements applied to Stuff Happens can be seen below:

State of Equilibrium- President Bush, his Cabinet, Tony Blair, and other important actors in the events that led up to the Iraq War, are all interested in their own affairs and pre-9/11 problems.

Inciting Incident - The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

Point of attack of the major dramatic question - Will the US go to war with Iraq?

Rising Action - Bush and a few cabinet members uses the terrorism ploy to go after Iraq, Colin Powell, several European diplomats, and Tony Blair try to reason with Bush to take things slowly and go through the UN, Powell gathers support and tries to convince the cabinet to back two resolutions, France and other diplomats criticize the US for planning for war and refuse to agree to any resolutions backing such an act.

Climax -In scene 20, during a Cabinet meeting, Rumsfeld and Cheney express their contempt for the UN and want to go to war without international consent.

Resolution - Britain sides with the US and the war on Iraq begins.

New State of Equilibrium - The plan did not go as smoothly as the US thought. Iraq reconstruction will require billions in funding and further more no weapons of mass destruction were found. This leaves the administration in poor favor by the people of the US.

About the Author

David Hare was born in Bexhill, East Sussex, England on June 5, 1947 and is considered one of Britain’s most important playwrights. Co-founder of the Portable Theatre Company and graduate of Jesus College, Cambridge, Hare found himself acting, writing, and directing plays. He has been the Associate Director of the National Theatre in London since 1984 and was knighted by the Queen in 1988. ^[7]

Over the years, a total of thirteen of his plays have been produced at the National Theatre. Two of these plays, including Stuff Happens , premiered at the National in 2004 alone. Nine of his plays, which he wrote and also acted in, were presented on Broadway. (book) To this day, Hare is still an active playwright, including the screenplay for a film. ^[7]

Character Guide

Many of these characters have very minor roles and actors play multiple parts. Therefore, not all characters are influential to the events of the play.

An Actor - The narrator provides information about the scene or characters as the play goes along.

George W. Bush - the President of the United States

Laura Bush - wife of the President.

Dick Cheney ¬- Vice President of the United States. He helps coerce Bush into going to war with Iraq.

Colin Powell - The Secretary of Sate of the US. He is the prime negotiator during the events leading up to the war and was against military action from the beginning unless the UN gave support.

Condoleezza Rice - a member of the President’s cabinet and a key

Donald Rumsfeld - Secretary of Defense. Along with Cheney, he is a key actor in convincing Bush to go to war with Iraq.

George Tenet - Director of the CIA. He provides evidence that Iraq may have weapons of mass destruction.

Paul Wolfowitz - Along with the Rumsfeld and Cheney, he is on board for using 9/11 as a tool for war with Iraq.

Paul O’Neill - a member of the President’s Cabinet who doesn’t play much of a role in the Iraq war decision making.

Michael Gerson - the President’s chief speech-writer

Tony Blair - Prime Minister of Britain. He sides with Bush for his war against Iraq, however, his government will only go to war if the UN approves it. Much of the play he is trying to get international cooperation.

David Manning - a member of Blair’s staff who advises him how to treat the Bush situation.

Jonathan Powell - Tony Blair’s Chief of Staff

Alastair Campbell - another member of Blair’s staff.

Richard Dearlove - Head of MI6. He tells Blair about a possible piece of evidence from inside the Iraqi military suggesting biological weapons could be deployed within 45 minutes.

Phillip Bassett - Special Adviser to Blair.

Jeremy Greenstock - British Ambassador to the UN.

Robin Cook - Leader of the House of Commons.

Dominique de Villepin - A French diplomat who argues with Colin Powell about the necessary resolutions for France to back the US in a war. Eventually, he denounces the war altogether. Gerard Errera- French Ambassador to London.

Saddam Hussein - dictator of Iraq. He is overthrown by the US military.

Hans Blix - the top weapons inspector for the UN. He is charged with the task of overseeing the inspections in Iraq for the UN.

Kofi Annan - Secretary General of the United Nations.

Character Analysis

Most of the characters listed above don’t have vital roles to the story in the play. Therefore, only the major actors that influenced the course of events were analyzed:

The playwright does his best to make President Bush seem like a pawn. The only few times the president actually stands up for himself rather than let his Cabinet make up his mind for him, is when he says something that makes him seem like a dictator or corrupt leader. It is not known from reading this play what leading role Bush actually had. His only major correspondence was with Tony Blair who he basically relayed his Cabinet’s position to. The few times Bush is actually presented with opposition, he takes it into consideration only to change his mind presumably when the pro-war Cabinet holders speak to him.

Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Paul Wolfowitz all emerge as the antagonists. Because of the audiences future knowledge of the plays ending, it is apparent that war does take place and some of the intelligence was wrong. These three characters are constantly egging on the idea of war and throwing cooperation and diplomacy to the winds. The language they use makes them sound heartless to the average person and even those who supported the war would find offense to what they say. It is clear these three are motivated by power and the desire for conquest. They feel they are above the law and opposition of other countries.

Colin Powell was most notably the protagonist in this story. He is the hero that everyone is rooting for to convince the President that war in Iraq is not a good idea to jump into without properly planning it out and gaining international support. The audience supports him more and more as those around him start to turn on him. He becomes an international pawn for Bush and is left unaware of the President’s secret agenda until later. During the climax, Powell realizes he can’t win the fight and goes along with the Cabinet’s plan to call for war. In the end, he caves in to his ideals. In this way, Powell can be likened to that of a tragic hero, who goes through so much to get what he wants only to lose it in the end.

Tony Blair is the victim in Stuff Happens . He enters the diplomatic battle supporting Bush because he is reassured that the US will go to the UN for support and go to war only if weapons of mass destruction are found. Bush goes back on his word and Blair is caught in the middle of supporting America and his government. Because he has little control over his situation and although he was a willing participant, he can be likened to the innocent victim of the play.

Genre

While it may be tempting to categorize Stuff Happens as some type of historical based genre, it is in fact a drama. A drama is a serious play in which the universe is reduced in size….a drama is often about a private struggle, a family situation, or a character grappling with some form of social injustice or another ^[9]. While this story hardly relates to the inner struggle of a family, parts of all there are present in the play. Each major character can be seen going through some sort of private struggle, whether with themselves or another character. A family situation can be linked to the White House Cabinet and their arguments and disputes. Finally, there is injustice littered throughout the story. Colin Powell is the most prominent character to go through this as he reacts to his morality versus his president’s decision to go to war.

Style

Because of the issue pertaining to it and the content of the story, including the characters, Stuff Happens clearly uses epic realism to get at the sociopolitical implications of both events and personalities ^[10]. The author’s story is filled with modern events and people that depict the real world. Since Hale focuses on one specific issue, the play can be considered an issue-driven, naturalistic production. The author writes the play as issue-driven because much of the dialogue is said in speeches by the characters denouncing some type of evil ^[11]. The writer is also anxious to expose the issue and concentrates the dialogue around facts ^[11]. Both of these are present in Stuff Happens . Several speeches in the play are direct quotes from the real life characters. Others may not be factual quotes but still express some type of distaste for a policy, institution, decision, or person. Secondly, Hale never explicitly states the issue, that the United States jumped the gun and did not fully go about the Iraqi invasion in the right way. Instead, he relies on retelling the story through events and showing the audience the supposed facts of what happened leading up to it, allowing them to judge for themselves the issue.

Another easy way to judge the play as naturalistic is through the play’s importance to society. The audience learns a great deal about the Bush administration and how the back-and-forth dialogue functioned with the United Nations. We also watch helplessly as certain characters are deceived by who they thought were friends. This production describes the two parts of a naturalistic play. The audience learns about the institutions of the day and the traps that ensnare the characters ^[11]. Additionally, Stuff Happens is about a onetime event and its issue is mainly important to a certain generation. This indicates another example of naturalism; the play will become dated as society progresses ^[11].

It is clear from the beginning that Hale is writing from an objective point of view. This means that the audience takes the place of a spectator, watching all events from the stands and following the many different characters ^[15]. It is okay for them to take a stance behind a character but a realistic play will show both sides even if the audience is drawn to a certain one ^[15].

The world in which Hale portrays to his audience is obviously highly comprehensible. The characters, setting, and climate of the play are something audience members can not only relate to but remember. To be realistic, a play must be me logical or probable ^[17]. Therefore it is not only logical but very, very probable.

The plot is constructed in a chronological, linear fashion. Although there are some time gaps between events, everything happens in a sequential order from one event to the next. It is also, like a realistic play, rooted around cause and effect relationships ^[17].

All of the characters in this play fall right in line with realism standards. They are lifelike and live by obstacles and objectives ^[19]. Each operate with psychological motives that are very relatable to the audience members ^[19].

A realistic play concerns the effect a character’s environment has upon them (Hale 200). There is are immediate surroundings and larger surroundings that effect characters ^[21]. In Stuff Happens , characters, especially President Bush, are influenced by his personal surroundings, specifically the people he keeps close. There is also a larger picture, that of the political situation. Clearly the current climate and severity of the Iraq crisis is affecting everyone involved.

The final way in which Stuff Happens plays into realism is its form. Realism representational, meaning the audience is distant and unattached from what is going on onstage ^[22]. Nowhere in the play does a character address the audience. There are several monologues, but the audience is not incorporated in them. Instead, the audience is looking through a time warp at what may have happened during these months before the Iraq War.

Language

The language in Stuff Happens is not something that, while reading it, you would notice standing out. Sure, there is a difference between the narrator’s voice and characters, which is easily recognizable. But nothing stands out as far as literary means go besides the denotative meanings of the words. However, the playwright of has a unique opportunity to express language in a way that many others plays do not have. Since the characters are based on real life people, it is the author’s responsibility to make them seem lifelike. Hale makes each character act and respond in the way the real character might. As the audience, it is easy to picture the real person saying the lines in the script. Occasionally, the dialogue between characters can become connotative where words may possess a deeper meaning ^[23].

Theme/Idea

The main idea that Hale was trying to express through this play is very surface level. He clearly wants to express how the Bush administration screwed up and went into Iraq without proper support or evidence and merely for personal reasons. However, if we dig deeper, the mistakes made by these characters can be applied to how people live in the world. The main problem this play address is that actors in the world do what they want. This play specifically targeted the US and Iraq War but if analyzed, it is easy to see. Bush, Cheney, and Rumsfeld did what they wanted to do without regard for international diplomacy. They even deceived their friend Colin Powell into thinking he was helping towards a truce. Yet in the end, the truth was exposed and the real intent was to go into Iraq all along, regardless of world opinion ^[24].

No one understood one another. Every side had their way of viewing things and after all the debating and diplomacy, one side chose to follow its own vision and not take any other’s into account, even if they made sense, as many of them did in the long run.

"Stuff Happens" was a quote issued by Donald Rumsfeld concerning the riots that erupted in Iraq after the US disbanded its police force ^[25]. The author leaves us to judge whether this is an appropriate excuse for what happened in Iraq.

Spectacle

When the performance moved to New York, director Daniel Sullivan chose a much smaller venue at the Newman Theater at the Public. This created an atmosphere such “as if the audience too is participating in this re-creation of recent events” ^[26]. The set design is very simplistic. David Hare does not give any stage set up directions in his script other than the cast is already onstage when the audience arrives (play). This leaves the lighting, sound, stage design, and every other technical aspect up to the director. When the play opened in London at the National Theatre, it had a very large audience. However, Sullivan showed that Hare’s play proved perfect for a small group setting ^[26].

Music

There is no music in the stage directions for Stuff Happens nor is there in any sources I have checked. However, if there were to be music added by a director, to fit the theme and issue presented, it should be something that is light yet still has an air about it that makes the audience feel sad. This way, it resembles what the play is about. In the background, there are lies and deceit but it is hard to notice because it is well hidden. These lies and private motives bring war and sadness.

Sample Production History

The World Premier of Stuff Happens opened at the Oliver National Theatre in London on September 1 2004 ^[28].

It debuted in New York City in March 2006 at the Public Theatre ^[26].

By 2008, Stuff Happens has been showcased across the globe. Included Toronto in 2008 ^[30].

Near the same time, David Hare's work has even reached as far as Poland. In the winter of 2008, Stuff Happens was presented in the Theatre in Katowice ^[31].

References

1. Ouzounian, Richard. Stuff Happens stirs Iraq debate. TheStar.com 2 Mar 2008 http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/Theatre/article/308527
2. Hare, David. ''Stuff Happens''. New York. Faber and Faber, Inc., 2004. author's note.
3. Why We Fight. The International Movie Data Base. IMDB. 2005
4. Brantley, Ben. David Hare's 'Stuff Happens': All the President's Men in 'On the Road to Baghdad'. ''The New York Times''. 14 Apr 2006 http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/theater/reviews/14stuf.html
5. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p35
6. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p38-39
7. David Hare. ''ContemporaryWriters''. The British Council. http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth253
8. David Hare. ''ContemporaryWriters''. The British Council. http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth253
9. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p173
10. Reinelt, Janelle. ''Stuff Happens. By David Hare. Directed by Nick Hytner. Royal National Theatre (Olivier). London. 1 September 2004''. Theatre Journal 57.2 (2005) 303-306. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theatre_journal/v057/57.2reinelt.html
11. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p195
12. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p195
13. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p195
14. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p195
15. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p196
16. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p196
17. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p197
18. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p197
19. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p199
20. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p199
21. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p200
22. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p202
23. Rush, David. "A Student Guide to Play Analysis." Southern Illinois Printing Press, 2005. Carbondale, IL. p81
24. Hare, David. Stuff Happens. New York. Faber and Faber, Inc., 2004
25. Hare, David. Stuff Happens. New York. Faber and Faber, Inc., 2004 p3-4
26. Brantley, Ben. David Hare's 'Stuff Happens': All the President's Men in 'On the Road to Baghdad'. The New York Times. 14 Apr 2006 http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/theater/reviews/14stuf.html
27. Brantley, Ben. David Hare's 'Stuff Happens': All the President's Men in 'On the Road to Baghdad'. The New York Times. 14 Apr 2006 http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/theater/reviews/14stuf.html
28. Hare, David. Stuff Happens. New York. Faber and Faber, Inc., 2004. author's note
29. Brantley, Ben. David Hare's 'Stuff Happens': All the President's Men in 'On the Road to Baghdad'. The New York Times. 14 Apr 2006 http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/theater/reviews/14stuf.html
30. Ouzounian, Richard. ''Stuff Happens stirs Iraq debate''. TheStar.com 2 Mar 2008 http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/Theatre/article/308527
31. Rawson, Christopher. ''Katowice Journal: Andrew Paul in Poland''. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2 Mar 2008 http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08063/859649-325.stm